{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:08:58Z","timestamp":1791187738765,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]],"date-time":"2012-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            and probably most other members of the genus\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Streptococcus<\/jats:named-content>\n            are competent for natural genetic transformation. During the competent state,\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            produces a murein hydrolase, CbpD, that kills and lyses noncompetent pneumococci and closely related species. Previous studies have shown that CbpD is essential for efficient transfer of genomic DNA from noncompetent to competent cells\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            . Consequently, it has been proposed that CbpD together with the cognate immunity protein ComM constitutes a DNA acquisition mechanism that enables competent pneumococci to capture homologous DNA from closely related streptococci sharing the same habitat. Although genes encoding CbpD homologs or CbpD-related proteins are present in many different streptococcal species, the genomes of a number of streptococci do not encode CbpD-type proteins. In the present study we show that the genomes of nearly all species lacking CbpD encode an unrelated competence-regulated murein hydrolase termed LytF. Using\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Streptococcus gordonii<\/jats:named-content>\n            as a model system, we obtained evidence indicating that LytF is a functional analogue of CbpD. In sum, our results show that a murein hydrolase gene is part of the competence regulon of most or all streptococcal species, demonstrating that these muralytic enzymes constitute an essential part of the streptococcal natural transformation system.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.06273-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,29]],"date-time":"2011-11-29T22:51:43Z","timestamp":1322607103000},"page":"627-635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["LytF, a Novel Competence-Regulated Murein Hydrolase in the Genus Streptococcus"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"194","author":[{"given":"Kari Helene","family":"Berg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilde Solheim","family":"Ohnstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leiv Sigve","family":"H\u00e5varstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(03)00061-6","article-title":"The CHAP domain: a large family of amidases including GSP amidase and peptidoglycan hydrolases","volume":"28","author":"Bateman A","year":"2003","unstructured":"BatemanA RawlingsND. 2003. The CHAP domain: a large family of amidases including GSP amidase and peptidoglycan hydrolases. Trends Biochem. Sci. 28:234\u2013237.","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.9.3888-3896.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.00737.x","article-title":"A competence regulon in Streptococcus pneumoniae revealed by genomic analysis","volume":"27","author":"Campbell EA","year":"1998","unstructured":"CampbellEA ChoiSY MasureHR. 1998. A competence regulon in Streptococcus pneumoniae revealed by genomic analysis. Mol. Microbiol. 27:929\u2013939.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(95)00485-O"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05757.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2003.03892.x","article-title":"Interconnection of competence, stress and CiaR regulons in Streptococcus pneumoniae: competence triggers stationary phase autolysis of ciaR mutant cells","volume":"51","author":"Dagkessamanskaia A","year":"2004","unstructured":"DagkessamanskaiaA. 2004. Interconnection of competence, stress and CiaR regulons in Streptococcus pneumoniae: competence triggers stationary phase autolysis of ciaR mutant cells. Mol. Microbiol. 51:1071\u20131086.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.026328-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07143.x","article-title":"Pneumococcal CbpD is a murein hydrolase that requires a dual cell-envelope binding-specificity to kill target cells during fratricide","volume":"76","author":"Eldholm V","year":"2010","unstructured":"EldholmV. 2010. Pneumococcal CbpD is a murein hydrolase that requires a dual cell-envelope binding-specificity to kill target cells during fratricide. Mol. Microbiol. 76:905\u2013917.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-009-9221-x","article-title":"Prevalence and acquisition of the genes for Zoocin A and Zoocin A resistance in Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus","volume":"68","author":"Gargis AS","year":"2009","unstructured":"GargisAS O'RourkeALD SloanGL SimmondsRS. 2009. Prevalence and acquisition of the genes for Zoocin A and Zoocin A resistance in Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. J. Mol. Evol. 68:498\u2013505.","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01647-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01011-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.7.3076-3077.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8710","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500879102","article-title":"Competence-programmed predation of non-competent cells in the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae: genetic requirements","volume":"102","author":"Guiral S","year":"2005","unstructured":"GuiralS MitchellTJ MartinB ClaverysJP. 2005. Competence-programmed predation of non-competent cells in the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae: genetic requirements. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102:8710\u20138715.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02295.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.24.11140"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1996.521416.x","article-title":"Identification of the streptococcal competence-pheromone receptor","volume":"21","author":"H\u00e5varstein LS","year":"1996","unstructured":"H\u00e5varsteinLS GaustadP NesIF MorrisonDA. 1996. Identification of the streptococcal competence-pheromone receptor. Mol. Microbiol. 21:863\u2013869.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.21.6589-6594.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.05021.x","article-title":"New insights into the pneumococcal fratricide: relationships to clumping and identification of a novel immunity factor","volume":"59","author":"H\u00e5varstein LS","year":"2006","unstructured":"H\u00e5varsteinLS MartinB JohnsborgO GranadelC ClaverysJP. 2006. New insights into the pneumococcal fratricide: relationships to clumping and identification of a novel immunity factor. Mol. Microbiol. 59:1297\u20131307.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07380.x","article-title":"Increasing competence in the genus Streptococcus","volume":"78","author":"H\u00e5varstein LS","year":"2010","unstructured":"H\u00e5varsteinLS. 2010. Increasing competence in the genus Streptococcus. Mol. Microbiol. 78:541\u2013544.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ics.2005.11.020","article-title":"The large antimicrobial proteins (bacteriocins) of streptococci","volume":"1289","author":"Heng NCK","year":"2006","unstructured":"HengNCK. 2006. The large antimicrobial proteins (bacteriocins) of streptococci. Int. Congr. Ser. 1289:351\u2013354.","journal-title":"Int. Congr. Ser."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/332543a0","article-title":"DNA-typing from single hairs","volume":"332","author":"Higuchi R","year":"1988","unstructured":"HiguchiR von BeroldingenCH SensabaughGF ErlichHA. 1988. DNA-typing from single hairs. Nature 332:543\u2013546.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.1.372-381.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2007.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Molecular biology of streptococci","author":"Johnsborg O","year":"2007","unstructured":"JohnsborgO BlomqvistT KilianM H\u00e5varsteinLS. 2007. Biologically active peptides in streptococci, p 25\u201359. In HakenbeckR ChhatwalS (ed), Molecular biology of streptococci. Horizon Scientific Press, Norfolk, United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06288.x","article-title":"A predatory mechanism dramatically increases the efficiency of lateral gene transfer in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"69","author":"Johnsborg O","year":"2008","unstructured":"JohnsborgO EldholmV Bj\u00f8rnstadML H\u00e5varsteinLS. 2008. A predatory mechanism dramatically increases the efficiency of lateral gene transfer in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol. Microbiol. 69:245\u2013253.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.13.4338-4345.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1656(98)00100-X","article-title":"Quorum sensing-controlled gene expression in lactic acid bacteria","volume":"64","author":"Kuipers OP","year":"1998","unstructured":"KuipersOP de RuyterPGGA KleerebezemM de VosWM. 1998. Quorum sensing-controlled gene expression in lactic acid bacteria. J. Biotechnol. 64:15\u201321.","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3002(60)90205-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/227680a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2008.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1139\/m89-125","article-title":"Detection of bacterial cell wall hydrolases after denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis","volume":"35","author":"Leclerc D","year":"1989","unstructured":"LeclercD AsselinA. 1989. Detection of bacterial cell wall hydrolases after denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Can. J. Microbiol. 35:749\u2013753.","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.16.5004-5016.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.8.3174-3179.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07361.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","first-page":"675","article-title":"Ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides (bacteriocins) in lactic acid bacteria: a review","volume":"16","author":"Nes IF","year":"2007","unstructured":"NesIF YoonSS DiepDB. 2007. Ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides (bacteriocins) in lactic acid bacteria: a review. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 16:675\u2013690.","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04196.x","article-title":"Defective cell wall synthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae R6 depleted for essential PcsB putative murein hydrolase or the VicR (YycF) response regulator","volume":"53","author":"Ng WL","year":"2004","unstructured":"NgWL KazmierczakKM WinklerME. 2004. Defective cell wall synthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae R6 depleted for essential PcsB putative murein hydrolase or the VicR (YycF) response regulator. Mol. Microbiol. 53:1161\u20131175.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1996.501417.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.21.6192-6202.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03907.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(96)84178-3","article-title":"Novel series of plasmid vectors for gene inactivation and expression analysis in group A streptococci (GAS)","volume":"177","author":"Podbielski A","year":"1996","unstructured":"PodbielskiA SpellerbergB WoischnikM PohlB L\u00fcttickenR. 1996. Novel series of plasmid vectors for gene inactivation and expression analysis in group A streptococci (GAS). Gene 177:137\u2013147.","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.4.1175-1183.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-148-10-3245","article-title":"Influence of proteins Bsp and FemH on cell shape and peptidoglycan composition in group B streptococcus","volume":"148","author":"Reinscheid DJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"ReinscheidDJ. 2002. Influence of proteins Bsp and FemH on cell shape and peptidoglycan composition in group B streptococcus. Microbiology 148:3245\u20133254.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.151.3.1543-1552.1982"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(03)00062-8","article-title":"Amidase domains from bacterial and phage autolysins define a family of \u03b3-d,l-glutamate-specific amidohydrolases","volume":"28","author":"Rigden DJ","year":"2003","unstructured":"RigdenDJ JedrzejasMJ GalperinMY. 2003. Amidase domains from bacterial and phage autolysins define a family of \u03b3-d,l-glutamate-specific amidohydrolases. Trends Biochem. Sci. 28:230\u2013234.","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","unstructured":"SambrookJ\nRussellDW. 2001. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Cold Spring Harbor NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(90)90207-8","article-title":"Cloning and expression of gene fragments encoding the choline-binding domain of pneumococcal murein hydrolases","volume":"89","author":"S\u00e1nches-Puelles JM","year":"1990","unstructured":"S\u00e1nches-PuellesJM SanzJM Garc\u00edaJL Garc\u00edaE. 1990. Cloning and expression of gene fragments encoding the choline-binding domain of pneumococcal murein hydrolases. Gene 89:69\u201375.","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(96)00859-1","article-title":"Cloning and sequence analysis of zooA, a Streptococcus zooepidemicus gene encoding a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance having a domain structure similar to that of lysostaphin","volume":"189","author":"Simmonds RS","year":"1997","unstructured":"SimmondsRS SimpsonWJ TaggJR. 1997. Cloning and sequence analysis of zooA, a Streptococcus zooepidemicus gene encoding a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance having a domain structure similar to that of lysostaphin. Gene 189:255\u2013261.","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","unstructured":"SteinmoenH. 2003. PhD thesis. Agricultural University of Norway \u00c5s Norway."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00071-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01023-07"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.06273-11","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.06273-11","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T17:30:09Z","timestamp":1627579809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JB.06273-11"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JB.06273-11"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.06273-11","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9193","1098-5530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9193","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-09-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-11-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-01-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}