{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:11:11Z","timestamp":1790745071113,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,2,1]],"date-time":"1994-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":760060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The pag gene of Bacillus anthracis, located on plasmid pXO1 (185 kb), encodes protective antigen, a component of the anthrax lethal and edema toxins. Synthesis of protective antigen is enhanced during growth of the organism with elevated levels of CO2. The CO2 effect is at the level of transcription, and pXO1-encoded regulatory factors have been implicated in control of pag expression. We used a Tn917-LTV3 insertion mutant of B. anthracis in which the wild-type pag gene on pXO1 was replaced with a pag-lacZ transcriptional fusion to monitor pag promoter activity. Expression of the pag-lacZ fusion is induced five- to eightfold during growth in 5% CO2 compared with growth in air. Growth in 20% CO2 increases transcription up to 19-fold. By monitoring pag-lacZ expression in atmospheres with different O2 and CO2 concentrations, we demonstrated definitively that the CO2 effect is specific and not simply a result of increased anaerobiosis. The results of 5' end mapping of pag transcripts indicate multiple sites of transcript initiation. We have determined two major apparent start sites, designated P1 and P2, located at positions -58 and -26 relative to the translation initiation codon, respectively. Analysis of total RNA from late-log-phase cells shows comparable initiation from P1 and P2 in wild-type strains grown in aerobic conditions. However, initiation from P1 is increased approximately 10-fold in cultures grown with an elevated level (5%) of CO2. We have identified a locus on pXO1, more than 13 kb upstream from the pag gene, which enhances pag transcription. When added in trans, this locus increases the level of transcripts with 5' ends mapping to P1 but has no effect on the level of transcripts with 5' ends mapping to P2. The CO2 effect on P1 is observed only in the presence of the activator locus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.3.586-595.1994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,14]],"date-time":"2016-11-14T05:36:53Z","timestamp":1479101813000},"page":"586-595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":209,"title":["Regulation of the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen gene: CO2 and a trans-acting element activate transcription from one of two promoters"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"176","author":[{"given":"T M","family":"Koehler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical School, University of Texas, Houston 77030."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical School, University of Texas, Houston 77030."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Kaufman-Yarbray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical School, University of Texas, Houston 77030."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"p_1","unstructured":"Ausubel F. M. et al. 1993. Current protocols in molecular biology. Wiley Interscience New York."},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.57.8.2295-2300.1989","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of the protective antigen gene of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"57","author":"Bartkus J. M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bartkus , J. M. , and S. L. Leppla . 1989 . Transcriptional regulation of the protective antigen gene of Bacillus anthracis . Infect. Immun. 57 : 2295 - 2300 .","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.162.2.543-550.1985","article-title":"Mating system for transfer of plasmids among Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis","volume":"162","author":"Battisti L.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Battisti , L. , B. D. Green , and C. B. Thorne . 1985 . Mating system for transfer of plasmids among Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis . J. Bacteriol. 162 : 543 - 550 .","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.133.2.897-903.1978","article-title":"Bacteriocin and antibiotic resistance plasmids in Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis","volume":"133","author":"Bernhard K.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Bernhard , K. , H. Schrempf , and W. Goebel . 1978 . Bacteriocin and antibiotic resistance plasmids in Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis . J. Bacteriol. 133 : 897 - 903 .","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(89)90335-1","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence and analysis of the lethal factor gene (lef) from Bacillus anthracis","volume":"81","author":"Bragg T. S.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bragg , T. S. , and D. L. Robertson . 1989 . Nucleotide sequence and analysis of the lethal factor gene (lef) from Bacillus anthracis . Gene 81 : 45 - 54 .","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3738","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.172.7.3738-3744.1990","article-title":"Insertional mutagenesis of Listeria monocytogenes with a novel Tn 917 derivative that allows direct cloning of DNA flanking transposon insertions","volume":"172","author":"Camilli A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Camilli , A. , D. A. Portnoy , and P. Youngman . 1990 . Insertional mutagenesis of Listeria monocytogenes with a novel Tn 917 derivative that allows direct cloning of DNA flanking transposon insertions . J. Bacteriol. 172 : 3738 - 3744 .","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5693","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.17.5693-5701.1992","article-title":"Environmental regulation of virulence in group A streptococci: transcription of the gene encoding M protein is stimulated by carbon dioxide","volume":"174","author":"Caparon M. G.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Caparon , M. G. , R. T. Geist , J. Perez-Casal , and J. R. Scott . 1992 . Environmental regulation of virulence in group A streptococci: transcription of the gene encoding M protein is stimulated by carbon dioxide . J. Bacteriol. 174 : 5693 - 5701 .","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05495.x","article-title":"Regulation ofpag gene expression in Bacillus anthracis: use of a pag-lacZ transcriptional fusion","volume":"98","author":"Cataldi A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cataldi , A. , A. Fouet , and M. Mock 1992 . Regulation ofpag gene expression in Bacillus anthracis: use of a pag-lacZ transcriptional fusion . FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 98 : 89 - 94 .","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00685.x","article-title":"Construction and characterization of a protective antigen-deficient Bacillus anthracis strain","volume":"4","author":"Cataldi A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cataldi , A. , E. Labruyere , and M. Mock 1990 . Construction and characterization of a protective antigen-deficient Bacillus anthracis strain . Mol. Microbiol. 4 : 1111 - 1117 .","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1128\/MR.55.3.371-394.1991","article-title":"Control site location and transcriptional regulation in Escherichia coli","volume":"55","author":"Collado-Vides J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Collado-Vides , J. , B. Magasanik , and J. D. Gralla . 1991 . Control site location and transcriptional regulation in Escherichia coli . Microbiol. Rev. 55 : 371 - 394 .","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"p_11","unstructured":"Davis R. W. D. Botstein and J. R. Roth. 1980. Advanced bacterial genetics p. 201. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor N.Y."},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/12.1Part1.387","article-title":"A comprehensive set of sequence analysis programs for the VAX","volume":"12","author":"Devereux J.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Devereux , J. , P. Haeberli , and 0. Smithies . 1984 . A comprehensive set of sequence analysis programs for the VAX . Nucleic Acids Res. 12 : 387 - 395 .","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(88)90045-5","article-title":"Structural homology between virulence-associated bacterial adenylate cyclases","volume":"71","author":"Escuyer V. E.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Escuyer , V. E. , E. Duflot , 0. Sezer , A. Danchin , and M. Mock . 1988 . Structural homology between virulence-associated bacterial adenylate cyclases . Gene 71 : 293 - 298 .","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"p_14","unstructured":"Gill D. M. 1978. Seven toxin peptides that cross cell membranes p. 291-332. In J. Jeljaszewicz and T. Wadstrom (ed.) Bacterial toxins and cell membranes. Academic Press New York."},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.49.2.291-297.1985","article-title":"Demonstration of a capsule plasmid in Bacillus anthracis","volume":"49","author":"Green B. D.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Green , B. D. , L. Battisti , T. M. Koehler , B. Ivins , and C. B. Thorne . 1985 . Demonstration of a capsule plasmid in Bacillus anthracis . Infect. Immun. 49 : 291 - 297 .","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.54.2.537-542.1986","article-title":"Cloning and expression of the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen gene in Bacillus subtilis","volume":"54","author":"Ivins B. E.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ivins , B. E. , and S. L. Welkos . 1986 . Cloning and expression of the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen gene in Bacillus subtilis . Infect. Immun. 54 : 537 - 542 .","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.22.3.405-408.1985","article-title":"New medium for the production of cholera toxin by Vibrio cholerae 01 biotype El Tor","volume":"22","author":"Iwanaga M.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Iwanaga , M. , and K. Yamamoto . 1985 . New medium for the production of cholera toxin by Vibrio cholerae 01 biotype El Tor . J. Clin. Microbiol. 22 : 405 - 408 .","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.4.812","article-title":"Interaction of magnesium ion, oxygen tension, and temperature in the production of toxic-shock-syndrome toxin-1 by Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"155","author":"Kass E. H.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kass , E. H. , M. I. Kendrick , Y. -C. Tsai , and J. Parsonnet . 1987 . Interaction of magnesium ion, oxygen tension, and temperature in the production of toxic-shock-syndrome toxin-1 by Staphylococcus aureus . J. Infect. Dis. 155 : 812 - 815 .","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"p_19","unstructured":"Klimpel K. R. N. Arora and S. H. Leppla. 1993. Anthrax toxin lethal factor has homology to the thermolysin-like proteases and displays proteolytic activity p. 45 B-111. Abstr. 93rd Gen. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 1993. American Society for Microbiology Washington D.C."},{"key":"p_20","unstructured":".Koehler T. M. Unpublished data."},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.10.3162","article-title":"Anthrax toxin edema factor: a bacterial adenylate cyclase that increases cyclic AMP concentrations of eukaryotic cells","volume":"79","author":"Leppla S. H.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Leppla , S. H. 1982 . Anthrax toxin edema factor: a bacterial adenylate cyclase that increases cyclic AMP concentrations of eukaryotic cells . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79 : 3162 - 3166 .","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(88)65019-1","article-title":"Production and purification of anthrax toxin","volume":"165","author":"Leppla S. H.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Leppla , S. H. 1988 . Production and purification of anthrax toxin . Methods Enzymol. 165 : 103 - 116 .","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"p_23","unstructured":"Leppla S. H. 1991. The anthrax toxin complex p. 277-298. In J. A. Alouf and J. Freer (ed.) Sourcebook of bacterial protein toxins. Academic Press New York."},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1988.tb00041.x","article-title":"Cloning and C02-dependent expression of the genetic region for encapsulation from Bacillus anthracis","volume":"2","author":"Makino S.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Makino , S. , C. Sasakawa , I. Uchida , N. Terakado , and M. Yoshikawa . 1988 . Cloning and C02-dependent expression of the genetic region for encapsulation from Bacillus anthracis . Mol. Microbiol. 2 : 371 - 376 .","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.171.2.722-730.1989","article-title":"Molecular characterization and protein analysis of the cap region, which is essential for encapsulation in Bacillus anthracis","volume":"171","author":"Makino S.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Makino , S. , I. Uchida , N. Terakado , C. Sasakawa , and M. Yoshikawa . 1989 . Molecular characterization and protein analysis of the cap region, which is essential for encapsulation in Bacillus anthracis . J. Bacteriol. 171 : 722 - 730 .","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"p_26","unstructured":"Maniatis T. E. F. Fritsch and J. Sambrook 1982. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual p. A.1. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor N.Y."},{"key":"p_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.1.1-7.1992","article-title":"Environmental signals controlling expression of virulence determinants in bacteria","volume":"174","author":"Mekalanos J. J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mekalanos , J. J. 1992 . Environmental signals controlling expression of virulence determinants in bacteria . J. Bacteriol. 174 : 1 - 7 .","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-34-1-153","article-title":"The roles of serum and carbon dioxide in capsule formation by Bacillus anthracis","volume":"34","author":"Meynell E.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Meynell , E. , and G. G. Meynell . 1964 . The roles of serum and carbon dioxide in capsule formation by Bacillus anthracis . J. Gen. Microbiol. 34 : 153 - 164 .","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"p_29","unstructured":"Miller J. H. 1972. Experiments in molecular genetics p. 352-355. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor N.Y."},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(88)90342-3","article-title":"Cloning and expression of the calmodulin-sensitive Bacillus anthracis adenylate cyclase in Escherichia coli","volume":"64","author":"Mock M.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mock , M. , E. Labruyere , P. Glaser , A. Danchin , and A. Ullman . 1988 . Cloning and expression of the calmodulin-sensitive Bacillus anthracis adenylate cyclase in Escherichia coli . Gene 64 : 277 - 284 .","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00729452","article-title":"Nucleotide sequences that signal the initiation of transcription and translation in Bacillus subtilis","volume":"186","author":"Moran C. P.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Moran , C. P. , Jr. , N. Lang , S. F. J. LeGrice , G. Lee , M. Sephens , A. L. Sonenshein , J. Pero , and R. Losick . 1982 . Nucleotide sequences that signal the initiation of transcription and translation in Bacillus subtilis . Mol. Gen. Genet. 186 : 339 - 346 .","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Genet."},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01180.x","article-title":"Positive transcriptional control of mry regulates virulence in the group A streptococcus","volume":"7","author":"Okada N.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Okada , N. , R. T. Geist , and M. G. Caparon . 1993 . Positive transcriptional control of mry regulates virulence in the group A streptococcus . Mol. Microbiol. 7 : 893 - 903 .","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.173.8.2617-2624.1991","article-title":"Mry, a trans-acting positive regulator of the M protein gene of Streptococcus pyogenes with similarity to the receptor proteins of twocomponent regulatory systems","volume":"173","author":"Perez-Casal J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Perez-Casal , J. , M. G. Caparon , and J. R. Scott . 1991 . Mry, a trans-acting positive regulator of the M protein gene of Streptococcus pyogenes with similarity to the receptor proteins of twocomponent regulatory systems . J. Bacteriol. 173 : 2617 - 2624 .","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"p_34","unstructured":"Robertson D. L. T. S. Bragg S. Simpson R Kaspar W. Xie and M. T. Tippetts. 1990. Mapping and characterization of Bacillus anthracis plasmids pXO1 and pXO2. Salisbury Med. Bull. 68(Spec. Suppl.):55-58."},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(86)90044-2","article-title":"Molecular cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the lethal factor gene of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"44","author":"Robertson D. L.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Robertson , D. L. , and S. H. Leppla . 1986 . Molecular cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the lethal factor gene of Bacillus anthracis . Gene 44 : 71 - 78 .","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(88)90501-X","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence of the Bacillus anthracis edema factor gene (cya): a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase","volume":"73","author":"Robertson D. L.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Robertson , D. L. , M. T. Tippets , and S. H. Leppla . 1988 . Nucleotide sequence of the Bacillus anthracis edema factor gene (cya): a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase . Gene 73 : 363 - 371 .","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.49.2.455-456.1985","article-title":"Enhancement of enterotoxin production by carbon dioxide in Vibrio cholerae","volume":"49","author":"Shimamura T.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Shimamura , T. , S. Watanabe , and S. Sasaki . 1985 . Enhancement of enterotoxin production by carbon dioxide in Vibrio cholerae . Infect. Immun. 49 : 455 - 456 .","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"p_38","unstructured":"Thorne C. B. 1985. Genetics of Bacillus anthracis p. 56-62. In L. Leive (ed.) Microbiology-1985. American Society for Microbiology Washington D.C."},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-17-2-505","article-title":"An agar-diffusion method for titrating Bacillus anthracis immunizing antigen and its application to a study of antigen production","volume":"17","author":"Thorne C. B.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Thorne , C. B. , and F. C. Belton . 1957 . An agar-diffusion method for titrating Bacillus anthracis immunizing antigen and its application to a study of antigen production . J. Gen. Microbiol. 17 : 505 - 516 .","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.63.3.363-368.1952","article-title":"Synthesis of glutamic acid and glutamyl polypeptide by Bacillus anthracis. II. The effect of carbon dioxide on peptide production on solid media","volume":"63","author":"Thorne C. B.","year":"1952","unstructured":"Thorne , C. B. , C. G. Gomez , and R. D. Housewright . 1952 . Synthesis of glutamic acid and glutamyl polypeptide by Bacillus anthracis. II. The effect of carbon dioxide on peptide production on solid media . J. Bacteriol. 63 : 363 - 368 .","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"p_41","unstructured":"Tsui H.-C. T. A. J. Pease T. M. Koehler and M. E. Winkler. Detection and quantitation of RNA transcribed from bacterial chromosomes and plasmids. In K. W. Adolph (ed.) Methods in molecular genetics vol. 3 in press."},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5329","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.175.17.5329-5338.1993","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of a gene whose product is a trans-activator of anthrax toxin synthesis","volume":"175","author":"Uchida I.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Uchida , I. , J. M. Hornung , C. B. Thorne , K. R. Klimpel , and S. H. Leppla . 1993 . Cloning and characterization of a gene whose product is a trans-activator of anthrax toxin synthesis . J. Bacteriol. 175 : 5329 - 5338 .","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01710.x","article-title":"Identification of a novel gene, dep, associated with depolymerization of the capsular polymer in Bacillus anthracis","volume":"9","author":"Uchida I.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Uchida , I. , S. Makino , C. Sasakawa , M. Yoshikawa , C. Sugimoto , and N. Terakado . 1993 . Identification of a novel gene, dep, associated with depolymerization of the capsular polymer in Bacillus anthracis . Mol. Microbiol. 9 : 487 - 496 .","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(83)90402-6","article-title":"Cloning of the protective antigen gene of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"34","author":"Vodkin M. H.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Vodkin , M. H. , and S. H. Leppla . 1983 . Cloning of the protective antigen gene of Bacillus anthracis . Cell 34 : 693 - 696 .","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(88)90439-8","article-title":"Sequence analysis of the DNA encoding protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"69","author":"Welkos S. L.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Welkos , S. L. , J. R Lowe , F. Eden-McCutchan , M. Vodkin , S. H. Leppla , and J. J. Schmidt . 1988 . Sequence analysis of the DNA encoding protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis . Gene 69 : 287 - 300 .","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3469","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/17.9.3469","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of Escherichia coli host strains for tolerance to cytosine methylation in plasmid and phage recombinants","volume":"17","author":"Woodcock D. M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Woodcock , D. M. , et al. 1989 . Quantitative evaluation of Escherichia coli host strains for tolerance to cytosine methylation in plasmid and phage recombinants . Nucleic Acids Res. 17 : 3469 - 3478 .","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(85)90120-9","article-title":"Improved M13 phage cloning vectors and host strains: nucleotide sequences of the M13mpl 8 and pUC19 vectors","volume":"33","author":"Yanisch-Perron C.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Yanisch-Perron , C. , J. Vieira , and J. Messing . 1985 . Improved M13 phage cloning vectors and host strains: nucleotide sequences of the M13mpl 8 and pUC19 vectors . Gene 33 : 103 - 119 .","journal-title":"Gene"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jb.176.3.586-595.1994","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jb.176.3.586-595.1994","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T13:56:45Z","timestamp":1627567005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/jb.176.3.586-595.1994"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,2]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/jb.176.3.586-595.1994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.176.3.586-595.1994","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9193","1098-5530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9193","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-02-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}