{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T12:46:22Z","timestamp":1791031582617,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,15]],"date-time":"2003-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1068854400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            In this study, we examined whether virulence conversion occurs in\n            <jats:italic>Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            by conjugal transfer of chromosomal DNA. A virulent strain, K6, which has the genes for Km\n            <jats:sup>r<\/jats:sup>\n            and LacZ\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            transposed in the chromosome of strain Philadelphia-1, which belongs to serogroup 1, was used as one parent, and an avirulent strain, Chicago-2S, which is a spontaneous streptomycin-resistant derivative of strain Chicago-2 belonging to serogroup 6, was used as the other parent. Experiments in which K6 (approximately 2.6 \u00d7 10\n            <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n            CFU) and Chicago-2S (approximately 8.9 \u00d7 10\n            <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n            CFU) were mated typically yielded 10\n            <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n            Km\n            <jats:sup>r<\/jats:sup>\n            Sm\n            <jats:sup>r<\/jats:sup>\n            LacZ\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            transconjugants. Thirty-two (about 2.8%) of 1,152 transconjugants belonging to serogroup 6 acquired the ability to grow intracellularly in\n            <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba castellanii<\/jats:italic>\n            and guinea pig macrophages. When guinea pigs were infected with sublethal doses of\n            <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n            aerosols generated from one of these transconjugants (HM1011), they developed a severe pneumonia similar to that caused by donor strain K6. These results show that avirulent strain Chicago-2S changed into virulent strain HM1011 through conjugation with virulent strain K6. Furthermore, we showed that\n            <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n            chromosomal virulence genes (\n            <jats:italic>icm<\/jats:italic>\n            -\n            <jats:italic>dot<\/jats:italic>\n            locus) were horizontally transferred by the conjugation system. The chromosomal conjugation system may play a role(s) in the evolution of\n            <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n            .\n            <jats:italic>pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.185.22.6712-6718.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,2]],"date-time":"2003-11-02T18:12:22Z","timestamp":1067796742000},"page":"6712-6718","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Virulence Conversion of\n            <i>Legionella pneumophila<\/i>\n            by Conjugal Transfer of Chromosomal DNA"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin-ichi","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hatsumi","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard A.","family":"Shuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.3.950-958.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01092.x","volume":"7","year":"1993","unstructured":"Berger, K. 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