{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T18:42:09Z","timestamp":1784227329678,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,15]],"date-time":"2003-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1071446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The<jats:italic>farAB<\/jats:italic>operon of<jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>encodes an efflux pump which mediates gonococcal resistance to antibacterial fatty acids. It was previously observed that expression of the<jats:italic>farAB<\/jats:italic>operon was positively regulated by MtrR, which is a repressor of the<jats:italic>mtrCDE<\/jats:italic>-encoded efflux pump system (E.-H. Lee and W. M. Shafer, Mol. Microbiol. 33:839-845, 1999). This regulation was believed to be indirect since MtrR did not bind to the<jats:italic>farAB<\/jats:italic>promoter. In this study, computer analysis of the gonococcal genome sequence database,<jats:italic>lacZ<\/jats:italic>reporter fusions, and gel mobility shift assays were used to elucidate the regulatory mechanism by which expression of the<jats:italic>farAB<\/jats:italic>operon is modulated by MtrR in gonococci. We identified a regulatory protein belonging to the MarR family of transcriptional repressors and found that it negatively controls expression of<jats:italic>farAB<\/jats:italic>by directly binding to the<jats:italic>farAB<\/jats:italic>promoter. We designated this regulator FarR to signify its role in regulating the<jats:italic>farAB<\/jats:italic>operon. We found that MtrR binds to the<jats:italic>farR<\/jats:italic>promoter, thereby repressing<jats:italic>farR<\/jats:italic>expression. Hence, MtrR regulates<jats:italic>farAB<\/jats:italic>in a positive fashion by modulating<jats:italic>farR<\/jats:italic>expression. This MtrR regulatory cascade seems to play an important role in adjusting levels of the FarAB and MtrCDE efflux pumps to prevent their excess expression in gonococci.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.185.24.7145-7152.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,2]],"date-time":"2003-12-02T01:43:08Z","timestamp":1070329388000},"page":"7145-7152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["FarRRegulates the<i>farAB<\/i>-Encoded Efflux Pump of<i>Neisseriagonorrhoeae<\/i>via an MtrR RegulatoryMechanism"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"E.-H.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Rouquette-Loughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. P.","family":"Folster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. M.","family":"Shafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322"},{"name":"Laboratories of Microbial Pathogenesis, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(99)01589-9","volume":"7","year":"1999","unstructured":"Alekshun, M. N., and S. B. Levy. 1999. The mar regulon: multiple resistance to antibiotics and other toxic chemicals. 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