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Nonetheless, surveys of clinical and soil-derived strains reveal penicillin G resistance in 2 to 16% of isolates tested. Bacterial resistance to \u03b2-lactam agents is often mediated by production of one or more types of \u03b2-lactamases that hydrolyze the \u03b2-lactam ring, inactivating the antimicrobial agent. Here, we report the presence of two \u03b2-lactamase (<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>) genes in the penicillin-susceptible Sterne strain of<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>. We identified<jats:italic>bla1<\/jats:italic>by functional cloning with<jats:italic>Escherichia coli. bla1<\/jats:italic>is a 927-nucleotide (nt) gene predicted to encode a protein with 93.8% identity to the type I \u03b2-lactamase gene of<jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>. A second gene,<jats:italic>bla2<\/jats:italic>, was identified by searching the unfinished<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>chromosome sequence database of The Institute for Genome Research for open reading frames (ORFs) predicted to encode \u03b2-lactamases. We found a partial ORF predicted to encode a protein with significant similarity to the carboxy-terminal end of the type II \u03b2-lactamase of<jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>. DNA adjacent to the 5\u2032 end of the partial ORF was cloned using inverse PCR.<jats:italic>bla2<\/jats:italic>is a 768-nt gene predicted to encode a protein with 92% identity to the<jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>type II enzyme. The<jats:italic>bla1<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>bla2<\/jats:italic>genes confer ampicillin resistance to<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>when cloned individually in these species. The MICs of various antimicrobial agents for the<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>clones indicate that the two \u03b2-lactamase genes confer different susceptibility profiles to<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>;<jats:italic>bla1<\/jats:italic>is a penicillinase, while<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>2 appears to be a cephalosporinase. The \u03b2-galactosidase activities of<jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>group species harboring<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>promoter-<jats:italic>lacZ<\/jats:italic>transcriptional fusions indicate that<jats:italic>bla1<\/jats:italic>is poorly transcribed in<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>B. thuringiensis.<\/jats:italic>The<jats:italic>bla2<\/jats:italic>gene is strongly expressed in<jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>B. thuringiensis<\/jats:italic>and weakly expressed in<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>. Taken together, these data indicate that the<jats:italic>bla1<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>bla2<\/jats:italic>genes of the<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>Sterne strain encode functional \u03b2-lactamases of different types, but gene expression is usually not sufficient to confer resistance to \u03b2-lactam agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.185.3.823-830.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,18]],"date-time":"2003-01-18T00:04:17Z","timestamp":1042848257000},"page":"823-830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["\u03b2-Lactamase Genes of the Penicillin-Susceptible<i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>Sterne Strain"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Yahua","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice","family":"Succi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred C.","family":"Tenover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa M.","family":"Koehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01419.x","volume":"32","year":"1999","unstructured":"Agaisse, H., M. 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