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Serovars of<jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>carry variable assortments of phage-encoded virulence genes, suggesting that temperate phages play a pivotal role in this process. Epidemic isolates of<jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>serovar Typhimurium are consistently lysogenic for two lambdoid phages, Gifsy-1 and Gifsy-2, carrying known virulence genes. Other serovars of<jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>, including serovars Dublin, Gallinarum, Enteritidis, and Hadar, carry distinct prophages with similarity to the Gifsy phages. In this study, we analyzed Gifsy-related loci from<jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>serovar Abortusovis, a pathogen associated exclusively with ovine infection. A cryptic prophage, closely related to serovar Typhimurium phage Gifsy-2, was identified. This element, named Gifsy-2AO, was shown to contribute to serovar Abortusovis systemic infection in lambs. Sequence analysis of the prophage b region showed a large deletion which covers genes encoding phage tail fiber proteins and putative virulence factors, including type III secreted effector protein SseI (GtgB, SrfH). This deletion was identified in most of the serovar Abortusovis isolates tested and might be dependent on the replicative transposition of an adjacent insertion sequence, IS<jats:italic>1414<\/jats:italic>, previously identified in pathogenic<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>strains. IS<jats:italic>1414<\/jats:italic>encodes heat-stable toxin EAST1 (<jats:italic>astA<\/jats:italic>) and showed multiple genomic copies in isolates of serovar Abortusovis. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of intergeneric transfer of virulence genes via insertion sequence elements in<jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>. The acquisition of IS<jats:italic>1414<\/jats:italic>(EAST1) and its frequent transposition within the chromosome might improve the fitness of serovar Abortusovis within its narrow ecological niche.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.186.14.4568-4574.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T21:15:29Z","timestamp":1088716529000},"page":"4568-4574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Transposition of the Heat-Stable Toxin<i>astA<\/i>Gene into a Gifsy-2-Related Prophage of<i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>Serovar Abortusovis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Donatella","family":"Bacciu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Biotechnology Development and Biodiversity Research, University of Sassari"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Falchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Biotechnology Development and Biodiversity Research, University of Sassari"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Spazziani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Biotechnology Development and Biodiversity Research, University of Sassari"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lionello","family":"Bossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Ge\u0301ne\u0301tique Mole\u0301culaire, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gavino","family":"Marogna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guido Sisinnio","family":"Leori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Rubino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Biotechnology Development and Biodiversity Research, University of Sassari"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Uzzau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Biotechnology Development and Biodiversity Research, University of Sassari"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-138-4-725","volume":"138","year":"1992","unstructured":"Colombo, M. 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