{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T03:34:09Z","timestamp":1791171249523,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,15]],"date-time":"2004-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1074124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multiple transporters mediate osmoregulatory solute accumulation in<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>K-12. The larger genomes of naturally occurring strains such as pyelonephritis isolates CFT073 and HU734 may encode additional osmoregulatory systems. CFT073 is more osmotolerant than HU734 in the absence of organic osmoprotectants, yet both strains grew in high osmolality medium at low K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>(micromolar concentrations) and retained locus<jats:italic>trkH<\/jats:italic>, which encodes an osmoregulatory K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>transporter. Both lacked the<jats:italic>trkH<\/jats:italic>homologue<jats:italic>trkG<\/jats:italic>. Transporters ProP and ProU account for all glycine-betaine uptake activity in<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>K-12 and CFT073, but not in HU734, yet elimination of ProP and ProU impairs the growth of HU734, but not CFT073, in high osmolality human urine. No known osmoprotectant stimulated the growth of CFT073 in high osmolality minimal medium, but putative transporters YhjE, YiaMNO, and YehWXYZ may mediate uptake of additional osmoprotectants. Gene<jats:italic>betU<\/jats:italic>was isolated from HU734 by functional complementation and shown to encode a betaine uptake system that belongs to the betaine-choline-carnitine transporter family. The incidence of<jats:italic>trkG<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>betU<\/jats:italic>within the ECOR collection, representatives of the<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>pathotypes (PATH), and additional strains associated with urinary tract infection (UTI) were determined. Gene<jats:italic>trkG<\/jats:italic>was present in 66% of the ECOR collection but only in 16% of the PATH and UTI collections. Gene<jats:italic>betU<\/jats:italic>was more frequently detected in ECOR groups B2 and D (50% of isolates) than in groups A, B1, and E (20%), but it was similar in overall incidence in the ECOR collection and in the combined UTI and PATH collections (32 and 34%, respectively). Genes<jats:italic>trkG<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>betU<\/jats:italic>may have been acquired by lateral gene transfer, since<jats:italic>trkG<\/jats:italic>is part of the<jats:italic>rac<\/jats:italic>prophage and<jats:italic>betU<\/jats:italic>is flanked by putative insertion sequences. Thus, BetU and TrkG contribute, with other systems, to the osmoregulatory capacity of the species<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>, but they are not characteristic of a particular phylogenetic group or pathotype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.186.2.296-306.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,31]],"date-time":"2003-12-31T23:23:05Z","timestamp":1072912985000},"page":"296-306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Osmoregulatory Systems of<i>Escherichia coli<\/i>:Identification of Betaine-Carnitine-Choline Transporter Family MemberBetU and Distributions of<i>betU<\/i>and<i>trkG<\/i>amongPathogenic and NonpathogenicIsolates"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Anh","family":"Ly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doreen E.","family":"Culham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet M.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(99)00078-1","volume":"50","year":"1999","unstructured":"Abee, T., and J. A. Wouters. 1999. Microbial stress response in minimal processing. Int. J. Food Microbiol.50:65-91.","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"160","volume":"4","year":"1993","unstructured":"Altendorf, K., and W. Epstein. 1993. Kdp-ATPase of Escherichia coli. Cell. Physiol. Biochem.4:160-168.","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Altman P. L. 1961. Physical properties and chemical composition of urine: mammals. Part 1: man p.363 -369. In D. S. Dittmer (ed.) Blood and other bodily fluids. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Washington D.C."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"1737","volume":"134","year":"1988","unstructured":"Andresen, P. A., I. Kaasen, O. B. Styrvold, G. Boulnois, and A. R. Str\u00f8m. 1988. Molecular cloning, physical mapping and expression of bet genes governing the osmoregulatory choline-glycine betaine pathway of Escherichia coli. J. Gen. Microbiol.134:1737-1746.","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Bankir L. 1996. Urea and the kidney p.571 -606. In B. M. Brenner (ed.) The kidney. Saunders Philadelphia Pa."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24261","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M101487200","volume":"276","year":"2001","unstructured":"Benaroudj, N., D. H. Lee, and A. L. Goldberg. 2001 . Trehalose accumulation during cellular stress protects cells and cellular proteins from damage by oxygen radicals.J. Biol. Chem.276:24261-24267.","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1086\/514217","volume":"177","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bingen, E., B. Picard, N. Brahimi, S. Mathy, P. Desjardins, J. Elion, and E. Denamur. 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of Escherichia coli strains causing neonatal meningitis suggests horizontal gene transfer from a predominant pool of highly virulent B2 group strains. J. Infect. Dis.177:642-650.","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5331.1453"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(77)90000-2","volume":"2","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bolivar, F., R. L. Rodriguez, P. J. Greene, M. C. Betlach, H. L. Heyneker, H. W. Boyer, J. H. Crosa, and S. Falko. 1977. Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles. II. A multipurpose cloning system. Gene2:95-113.","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1086\/375347","volume":"187","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bonacorsi, S., O. Clermont, V. Houdouin, C. Cordevant, N. Brahimi, A. Marecat, C. Tinsley, X. Nassif, M. Lange, and E. Bingen. 2003. Molecular analysis and experimental virulence of French and North American Escherichia coli neonatal meningitis isolates: identification of a new virulent clone. J. Infect. Dis.187:1895-1906.","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.4.2096-2101.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.10.2654-2663.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"F983","volume":"268","year":"1995","unstructured":"Burg, M. B. 1995. Molecular basis of osmotic regulation. Am. J. Physiol.268:F983-F996.","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.11.3365-3371.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112878","volume":"79","year":"1987","unstructured":"Chambers, S. T., and C. M. Kunin. 1987. Isolation of glycine betaine and proline betaine from human urine. Assessment of their role as osmoprotective agents for bacteria and the kidney. J. Clin. Investig.79:731-737.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000189274","volume":"74","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chambers, S. T., and M. Lever. 1996. Betaines and urinary tract infections. Nephron74:1-10.","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Csonka L. N. and W. Epstein. 1996. Osmoregulation p. 1210-1223. In F. C. Neidhardt (ed.) Escherichia coli and Salmonella : cellular and molecular biology. ASM Press Washington D.C."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-144-1-91","volume":"144","year":"1998","unstructured":"Culham, D. E., C. Dalgado, C. L. Gyles, D. Mamelak, S. MacLellan, and J. M. Wood. 1998. Osmoregulatory transporter ProP influences colonization of the urinary tract by Escherichia coli. Microbiology144:91-102.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1139\/m94-065","volume":"40","year":"1994","unstructured":"Culham, D. E., K. S. Emmerson, B. Lasby, D. Mamelak, B. A. Steer, C. L. Gyles, M. Villarejo, and J. M. Wood. 1994. Genes encoding osmoregulatory proline\/glycine betaine transporters and the proline catabolic system are present and expressed in diverse clinical Escherichia coli isolates. Can. J. Microbiol.40:397-402.","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0264364","volume":"42","year":"2003","unstructured":"Culham, D. E., J. Henderson, R. A. Crane, and J. M. Wood. 2003. Osmosensor ProP of Escherichia coli responds to the concentration, chemistry and molecular size of osmolytes in the proteoliposome lumen.Biochemistry42:410-420.","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1993.1030","volume":"229","year":"1993","unstructured":"Culham, D. E., B. Lasby, A. G. Marangoni, J. L. Milner, B. A. Steer, R. W. van Nues, and J. M. Wood. 1993. Isolation and sequencing of Escherichia coli gene proP reveals unusual structural features of the osmoregulatory proline\/betaine transporter, ProP. J. Mol. Biol.229:268-276.","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-6-1657","volume":"147","year":"2001","unstructured":"Culham, D. E., A. Lu, M. Jishage, K. A. Krogfelt, A. Ishihama, and J. M. Wood. 2001. The osmotic stress response and virulence in pyelonephritis isolates of Escherichia coli: contributions of rpoS, proP, proU and other systems.Microbiology147:1657-1670.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.21.6272-6276.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00408306","volume":"150","year":"1988","unstructured":"Dinnbier, U., E. Limpinsel, R. Schmid, and E. P. Bakker. 1988 . Transient accumulation of potassium glutamate and its replacement by trehalose during adaptation of growing cells of Escherichia coli K-12 to elevated sodium chloride concentrations. Arch. Microbiol.150:348-357.","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S1438-4221(00)80028-4","volume":"290","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dobrindt, U., B. Janke, K. Piechaczek, G. Nagy, W. Ziebuhr, G. Fischer, A. Schierhorn, M. Hecker, G. Blum-Oehler, and J. Hacker. 2000 . Toxin genes on pathogenicity islands: impact for microbial evolution. Int. J. Med. Microbiol.290:307-311.","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.2.687-696.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(00)01634-0","volume":"25","year":"2000","unstructured":"Driessen, A. J. M., B. P. Rosen, and W. N. Konings. 2000. Diversity of transport mechanisms: common structural principles. Trends Biochem. Sci.25:397-401.","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0211006","volume":"21","year":"1993","unstructured":"Epstein, W., E. T. Buurman, D. McLaggan, and J. Naprstek. 1993 . Multiple mechanisms, roles and controls of K+ transport in Escherichia coli.Biochem. Soc. Trans.21:1006-1010.","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.101.3.836-843.1970"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.7.6.873-880.1973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1006\/fmic.2001.0407","volume":"18","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fletcher, S., D. Rhodes, and L. N. Csonka. 2001. Analysis of the effects of osmoprotectants on the high osmolality-dependent induction of increased thermotolerance in Salmonella typhimurium. Food Microbiol.18:345-354.","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/fmic.1997.0167"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106560","volume":"50","year":"1971","unstructured":"Gorbach, S. L., J. G. Banwell, B. D. Chatterjee, B. Jacobs, and R. B. Sack. 1971. Acute undifferentiated human diarrhea in the tropics. I. Alterations in intestinal micrflora. J. Clin. Investig.50:881-889.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01500.x","volume":"6","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gordon, D. M., and M. A. Riley. 1992. A theoretical and experimental analysis of bacterial growth in the bladder. Mol. Microbiol.6:555-562.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.11.3078-3085.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00290728","volume":"246","year":"1995","unstructured":"Haardt, M., B. Kempf, E. Faatz, and E. Bremer. 1995. The osmoprotectant proline betaine is a major substrate for the binding-protein-dependent transport system ProU of Escherichia coli K-12. Mol. Gen. Genet.246:783-786.","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Genet."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.40.1.273-283.1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(83)80284-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(00)00487-6","volume":"66","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hancock, D., T. Besser, J. Lejeune, M. Davis, and D. Rice. 2001 . The control of VTEC in the animal reservoir.Int. J. Food Microbiol.66:71-78.","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/8.1.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1996.511405.x","volume":"21","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hengge-Aronis, R. 1996. Back to log phase: sigma S as a global regulator in the osmotic control of gene expression in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol.21:887-893.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.175.1.259-265.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.172.11.6175-6181.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-6946(01)00125-X","volume":"12","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hill, C., P. D. Cotter, R. D. Sleator, and C. G. M. Gahan. 2002. Bacterial stress response in Listeria monocytogenes: jumping the hurdles imposed by minimal processing. Int. Dairy J.12:273-283.","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.33.3.933-938.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9727","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.142314099","volume":"99","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kandror, O., A. DeLeon, and A. L. Goldberg. 2002. Trehalose synthesis is induced upon exposure of Escherichia coli to cold and is essential for viability at low temperatures.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA99:9727-9732.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.17.5071-5079.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s002030050649","volume":"170","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kempf, B., and E. Bremer. 1998. Uptake and synthesis of compatible solutes as microbial stress responses to high osmolality environments. Arch. Microbiol.170:319-330.","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.23.6885-6897.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","unstructured":"Kunin C. M. 1987. Detection prevention and management of urinary tract infections. Lea & Febiger Philadephia Pa."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.6.1311","volume":"166","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kunin, C. M., T. H. Hua, L. Van Arsdale White, and M. Villarejo. 1992. Growth of Escherichia coli in human urine: role of salt tolerance and accumulation of glycine betaine. J. Infect. Dis.166:1311-1315.","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","first-page":"1119","year":"1978","unstructured":"Levine, M. M., E. J. Bergquist, D. R. Nalin, D. H. Waterman, R. B. Hornick, C. R. Young, and S. Sotman. 1978. Escherichia coli strains that cause diarrhea but do not produce heat-labile or heat-stable enterotoxins and are non-invasive. Lanceti:1119-1122.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00167285","volume":"41","year":"1994","unstructured":"Louis, P., H. G. Tr\u00fcper, and E. A. Galinski. 1994 . Survival of Escherichia coli during drying and storage in the presence of compatible solutes. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.41:684-688.","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(99)00085-1","volume":"1420","year":"1999","unstructured":"MacMillan, S. V., D. A. Alexander, D. E. Culham, H. J. Kunte, E. V. Marshall, D. Rochon, and J. M. Wood. 1999. The ion coupling and organic substrate specificities of osmoregulatory transporter ProP in Escherichia coli. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1420:30-44.","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","unstructured":"Miller J. H. 1972. Experiments in molecular genetics. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor N.Y."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb00911.x","volume":"10","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mobley, H. L., K. G. Jarvis, J. P. Elwood, D. I. Whittle, C. V. Lockatell, R. G. Russell, D. E. Johnson, M. S. Donnenberg, and J. W. Warren. 1993. Isogenic P-fimbrial deletion mutants of pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli: the role of alpha Gal(1-4) beta Gal binding in virulence of a wild-type strain. Mol. Microbiol.10:143-155.","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1002\/1439-7633(20020503)3:5<384::AID-CBIC384>3.0.CO;2-H","volume":"3","year":"2002","unstructured":"Morbach, S., and R. Kr\u00e4mer. 2002. Body shaping under water stress: osmosensing and osmoregulation of solute transport in bacteria. Chembiochem3:384-397.","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.119.3.736-747.1974"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.157.2.690-693.1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/162.1.76","volume":"162","year":"1990","unstructured":"Orskov, F., T. S. Whittam, A. Cravioto, and I. Orskov. 1990 . Clonal relationships among classic enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) belong to different O groups.J. Infect. Dis.162:76-81.","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.77.3.296","volume":"77","year":"1986","unstructured":"Paulozzi, L. J., K. E. Johnson, L. M. Kamahele, C. R. Clausen, L. W. Riley, and S. D. Helgerson. 1986. Diarrhea associated with adherent enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in an infant and toddler center, Seattle, Washington. Pediatrics77:296-300.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/35054089","volume":"409","year":"2001","unstructured":"Perna, N. T., G. Plunkett III, V. Burland, B. Mau, J. D. Glasner, D. J. Rose, G. F. Mayhew, P. S. Evans, J. Gregor, H. A. Kirkpatrick, G. Posfai, J. Hackett, S. Klinck, A. Boutin, Y. Shao, L. Miller, E. J. Grotbeck, N. W. Davis, A. Lim, E. T. Dimalanta, K. D. Potamousis, J. Apodaca, T. S. Anantharaman, J. Lin, G. Yen, D. C. Schwartz, R. A. Welch, and F. R. Blattner. 2001. Genome sequence of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7.Nature409:529-533.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.17.5229-5234.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.22.6005-6012.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.2.546-553.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(96)00057-8","volume":"1291","year":"1996","unstructured":"Randall, K., M. Lever, B. A. Peddie, and S. T. Chambers. 1996 . Natural and synthetic betaines counter the effects of high NaCl and urea concentrations. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1291:189-194.","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/35017546","volume":"406","year":"2000","unstructured":"Reid, S. D., C. J. Hrebelin, A. C. Bumbaugh, R. K. Selander, and T. S. Whittam. 2000 . Parallel evolution of virulence in pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nature406:64-67.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198303243081203","volume":"308","year":"1983","unstructured":"Riley, L. W., R. S. Remis, S. D. Helgerson, H. B. McGee, J. G. Wells, B. R. Davis, R. J. Hebert, E. S. Olcott, L. M. Johnson, N. T. Hargrett, P. A. Blake, and M. L. Cohen. 1983. Hemorrhagic colitis associated with a rare Escherichia coli serotype.N. Engl. J. Med.308:681-685.","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","unstructured":"Ross D. L. and A. E. Neely. 1983. Textbook of urinalysis and bodily fluids. Appleton Century Crofts Norwalk Va."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-146-8-1775","volume":"146","year":"2000","unstructured":"Saier, M. H., Jr. 2000. Families of transmembrane transporters selective for amino acids and their derivatives.Microbiology146:1775-1795.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","unstructured":"Sambrook J. E. F. Frisch and T. Maniatis. 1989. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor N.Y."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.10.3170-3176.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.7.1908-1910.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-63.9.1277","volume":"63","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shebuski, J. R., O. Vilhelmsson, and K. J. Miller. 2000 . Effects of growth at low water activity on the thermal tolerance of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Food Prot.63:1277-1281.","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.5.2078-2083.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","first-page":"1","volume":"731","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sleator, R. D., and C. Hill. 2001. Bacterial osmoadaptation: the role of osmolytes in bacteria stress and virulence.FEMS Microbiol. Rev.731:1-23.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.9.3088-3093.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(85)90442-7","volume":"150","year":"1985","unstructured":"Smith, P. K., R. I. Krohn, G. T. Hermanson, A. K. Mallia, F. H. Gartner, M. D. Provenzano, E. K. Fujimoto, N. M. Goeke, B. J. Olson, and D. C. Klenk. 1985 . Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid.Anal. Biochem.150:76-85.","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00851","volume":"418","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sunda, W., D. J. Kieber, R. P. Kiene, and S. Huntsman. 2002 . An antioxidant function for DMSP and DMS in marine algae. Nature418:317-320.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","first-page":"75","volume":"7","year":"1983","unstructured":"Svanborg Eden, C., R. Hull, S. Falkow, and H. Leffler. 1983. Target cell specificity of wild-type E. coli and mutants and clones with genetically defined adhesins. Prog. Food Nutr. Sci.7:75-89.","journal-title":"Prog. Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7066","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.092152899","volume":"99","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tauschek, M., R. J. Gorrell, R. A. Strugnell, and R. M. Robins-Browne. 2002. Identification of a protein secretory pathway for the secretion of heat-labile enterotoxin by an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA99:7066-7071.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(92)90934-C","volume":"225","year":"1992","unstructured":"von Heinje, G. 1992. Membrane protein structure prediction, hydrophobicity analysis and the positive-inside rule.J. Mol. Biol.225:487-494.","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9101","DOI":"10.1021\/bi970247h","volume":"36","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wang, A. J., and D. W. Bolen. 1997. A naturally occurring protective system in urea-rich cells: mechanism of osmolyte protection of proteins against urea denaturation.Biochemistry36:9101-9108.","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)65257-9","volume":"348","year":"1996","unstructured":"Watanabe, H., A. Wada, Y. Inagaki, K. Itoh, and K. Tamura. 1996. Outbreaks of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection by two different genotype strains in Japan.Lancet348:831-832.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(88)90212-0","volume":"70","year":"1988","unstructured":"Watson, N. 1988. A new revision of the sequence of plasmid pBR322. Gene70:399-403.","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17020","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.252529799","volume":"99","year":"2002","unstructured":"Welch, R. A., V. Burland, G. Plunkett III, P. Redford, P. Roesch, D. Rasko, E. L. Buckles, S. R. Liou, A. Boutin, J. Hackett, D. Stroud, G. F. Mayhew, D. J. Rose, S. Zhou, D. C. Schwartz, N. T. Perna, H. L. Mobley, M. S. Donnenberg, and F. R. Blattner. 2002 . Extensive mosaic structure revealed by the complete genome sequence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA99:17020-17024.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","unstructured":"Whittam T. S. 1996. Genetic variation and evolutionary processes in natural populations of Escherichia coli p. 2708-2722. In F. C. Neidhardt (ed.) Escherichia coli and Salmonella : cellular and molecular biology. ASM Press Washington D.C."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.63.1.230-262.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(01)00442-1","volume":"130","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wood, J. M., E. Bremer, L. N. Csonka, R. Kr\u00e4mer, B. Poolman, T. van der Heide, and L. T. Smith. 2001 . Osmosensing and osmoregulatory compatible solute accumulation by bacteria. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.130:437-460.","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.1.302-306.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.4.1974-1981.1999"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.186.2.296-306.2004","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JB.186.2.296-306.2004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T18:04:34Z","timestamp":1682618674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JB.186.2.296-306.2004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,15]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JB.186.2.296-306.2004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.186.2.296-306.2004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9193","1098-5530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9193","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2003-07-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-10-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}