{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:44:58Z","timestamp":1790858698883,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,15]],"date-time":"2006-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1137283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Infection with\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    causes Johne's disease in cattle and is also implicated in cases of Crohn's disease in humans. Another closely related strain,\n                    <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is a health problem for immunocompromised patients. To understand the molecular pathogenesis of\n                    <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    subspecies, we analyzed the genome contents of isolates collected from humans and domesticated or wildlife animals. Comparative genomic hybridizations indicated distinct lineages for each subspecies where the closest genomic relatedness existed between\n                    <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates collected from human and clinical cow samples. Genomic islands (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 24) comprising 846 kb were present in the reference\n                    <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain but absent from 95% of\n                    <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. Additional analysis identified a group of 18\n                    <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    -associated islands comprising 240 kb that were absent from most of the\n                    <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. Sequence analysis of DNA regions flanking the genomic islands identified three large inversions in addition to several small inversions that could play a role in regulation of gene expression. Analysis of genes encoded in the genomic islands reveals factors that are probably important for various mechanisms of virulence. Overall,\n                    <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates displayed a higher level of genomic diversity than\n                    <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. Among\n                    <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates, those from wildlife animals displayed the highest level of genomic rearrangements that were not observed in other isolates. The presented findings will affect the future design of diagnostics and vaccines for Johne's and Crohn's diseases and provide a model for genomic analysis of closely related bacteria.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.188.2.711-723.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,29]],"date-time":"2005-12-29T15:12:50Z","timestamp":1135869170000},"page":"711-723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Whole-Genome Plasticity among\n                    <i>Mycobacterium avium<\/i>\n                    Subspecies: Insights from Comparative Genomic Hybridizations"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Chia-wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Glasner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saleh","family":"Naser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel M.","family":"Talaat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gng035","volume":"31","year":"2003","unstructured":"Albert, T. 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