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Polyamine-deficient mutants of<jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>were generated with a single deletion in<jats:italic>speA<\/jats:italic>or<jats:italic>speC<\/jats:italic>and a double deletion mutant. The genes<jats:italic>speA<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>speC<\/jats:italic>code for the biosynthetic enzymes arginine decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase, respectively. The level of the polyamine putrescine compared to the parental<jats:italic>speA<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>+<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup><jats:italic>speC<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>+<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>strain (KIM6+) was depleted progressively, with the highest levels found in the<jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\u0394<jats:italic>speC<\/jats:italic>mutant (55% reduction), followed by the \u0394<jats:italic>speA<\/jats:italic>mutant (95% reduction) and the \u0394<jats:italic>speA<\/jats:italic>\u0394<jats:italic>speC<\/jats:italic>mutant (&gt;99% reduction). Spermidine, on the other hand, remained constant in the single mutants but was undetected in the double mutant. The growth rates of mutants with single deletions were not altered, while the \u0394<jats:italic>speA<\/jats:italic>\u0394<jats:italic>speC<\/jats:italic>mutant grew at 65% of the exponential growth rate of the<jats:italic>speA<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>+<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup><jats:italic>speC<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>+<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>strain. Biofilm levels were assayed by three independent measures: Congo red binding, crystal violet staining, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The level of biofilm correlated to the level of putrescine as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and as observed in a chemical complementation curve. Complementation of the \u0394<jats:italic>speA<\/jats:italic>\u0394<jats:italic>speC<\/jats:italic>mutant with<jats:italic>speA<\/jats:italic>showed nearly full recovery of biofilm to levels observed in the<jats:italic>speA<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>+<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup><jats:italic>speC<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>+<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>strain. Chemical complementation of the double mutant and recovery of the biofilm defect were only observed with the polyamine putrescine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.188.7.2355-2363.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,17]],"date-time":"2006-03-17T09:27:51Z","timestamp":1142587671000},"page":"2355-2363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":182,"title":["Polyamines Are Essential for the Formation of Plague Biofilm"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"188","author":[{"given":"Chandra N.","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian W.","family":"Wortham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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