{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T15:50:22Z","timestamp":1759938622514},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1962,3,1]],"date-time":"1962-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":-247363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Bacteriol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1962,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:sc>Wright, George<\/jats:sc>\n            G. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.),\n            <jats:sc>Milton Puziss, and W. Brook Neely<\/jats:sc>\n            . Studies on immunity in anthrax. IX. Effect of variation in cultural conditions on elaboration of protective antigen by strains of\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            . J. Bacteriol.\n            <jats:bold>83:<\/jats:bold>\n            515\u2013522. 1962.\u2014Nonproteolytic and nonencapsulated avirulent mutants were isolated from six virulent strains of\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            and tested for elaboration of protective antigen in the chemically defined medium developed previously (599 medium). Initially the strains grew rather slowly in 599 medium; serial transfer in the medium increased the rate of growth but reduced the elaboration of antigen. Two of the strains tended to revert to the encapsulated form during serial passage in 599 medium. Modifications in the medium and cultural conditions were studied in an attempt to obtain improved growth; the most significant alterations were the addition of adenosine and\n            <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n            -alanine, reduction in the concentration of ferrous sulfate, and growth under anaerobic conditions with agitation. Study of amino acid utilization in the medium revealed that the concentrations of certain amino acids could be reduced. These modifications, together with substitution of more productive strains, resulted in an approximately fivefold increase in elaboration of protective antigen, and greatly simplified production of the antigen on a practical scale. Omission of bicarbonate from the medium had no significant influence on utilization of amino acids.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.83.3.515-522.1962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T21:21:37Z","timestamp":1578086497000},"page":"515-522","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["STUDIES ON IMMUNITY IN ANTHRAX IX"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"George G.","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milton","family":"Puziss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. Brock","family":"Neely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"p_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"Studies on immunity in anthrax. VI. Immunizing activity of protective antigen against various strains of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"75","author":"AUERBACH S.","year":"1955","unstructured":"AUERBACH , S. , AND G. G. WRIGHT. 1955 . Studies on immunity in anthrax. VI. Immunizing activity of protective antigen against various strains of Bacillus anthracis . J. Immunol. 75 : 129 - 133 .","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"p_2","first-page":"144","article-title":"Studies on a protective antigen produced in vitro from Bacillus anthracis: Medium and methods of production","volume":"35","author":"BELTON F. C.","year":"1954","unstructured":"BELTON , F. C. , AND R. E. STRANGE. 1954 . Studies on a protective antigen produced in vitro from Bacillus anthracis: Medium and methods of production . Brit. J. Exptl. Pathol. 35 : 144 - 152 .","journal-title":"Brit. J. Exptl. Pathol."},{"key":"p_3","first-page":"394","article-title":"Immunity to anthrax Protective antigen present in cell-free culture filtrates","volume":"27","author":"GLADSTONE G. P.","year":"1946","unstructured":"GLADSTONE , G. P. 1946 . Immunity to anthrax Protective antigen present in cell-free culture filtrates . Brit. J. Exptl. Pathol. 27 : 394 - 418 .","journal-title":"Brit. J. Exptl. Pathol."},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0450363","article-title":"Chemical factors in the germination of spore-bearing aerobes. The effects of amino-acids on the germination of Bacillus anthracis, with some observations on the relation of optical form to biological activity","volume":"45","author":"HILLS G. M.","year":"1949","unstructured":"HILLS , G. M. 1949 . Chemical factors in the germination of spore-bearing aerobes. The effects of amino-acids on the germination of Bacillus anthracis, with some observations on the relation of optical form to biological activity . Biochem. J. 45 : 363 - 370 .","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"p_5","first-page":"458","article-title":"Studies on immunity in anthrax. VIII. Relationship of complement-fixing activity to protective activity of culture filtrates","volume":"86","author":"MCGANN V. G.","year":"1961","unstructured":"MCGANN , V. G. , R. L. STEARMAN , A ND G . G. WRIGHT. 1961 . Studies on immunity in anthrax. VIII. Relationship of complement-fixing activity to protective activity of culture filtrates . J. Immunol. 86 : 458 - 464 .","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)71177-0","article-title":"Procedures for the chromatographic determination of amino acids on four per cent cross-linked sulfonated polystyrene resins","volume":"211","author":"MOORE S.","year":"1954","unstructured":"MOORE , S. , AND W. H. STEIN. 1954 . Procedures for the chromatographic determination of amino acids on four per cent cross-linked sulfonated polystyrene resins . J. Biol. Chem. 211 : 893 - 926 .","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.68.4.474-482.1954","article-title":"Studies on immunity in anthrax. IV. Factors influencing elaboration of the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis in chemically defined media","volume":"68","author":"G. G.","year":"1954","unstructured":"PuzIss, M., AND G. G. WRIGHT. 1954 . Studies on immunity in anthrax. IV. Factors influencing elaboration of the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis in chemically defined media . J. Bacteriol. 68 : 474 - 482 .","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.78.1.137-145.1959","article-title":"Studies on immunity in anthrax. VII. Carbohydrate metabolism of Bacillus anthracis in relation to elaboration of protective antigen","volume":"78","author":"PUZISS M.","year":"1959","unstructured":"PUZISS , M. , AND G. G. WRIGHT. 1959 . Studies on immunity in anthrax. VII. Carbohydrate metabolism of Bacillus anthracis in relation to elaboration of protective antigen . J. Bacteriol. 78 : 137 - 145 .","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"p_9","first-page":"271","article-title":"Variation in Bacillus anthracis","volume":"8","author":"STERNE M.","year":"1937","unstructured":"STERNE , M. 1937 . Variation in Bacillus anthracis . Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. Animal Ind. 8 : 271 - 349 .","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. Animal Ind."},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-17-2-505","article-title":"An agardiffusion method for titrating Bacillus anthracis immunizing antigen and its application to a study of antigen production","volume":"17","author":"THORNE C. B.","year":"1957","unstructured":"THORNE , C. B. , AND F. C. BELTON. 1957 . An agardiffusion method for titrating Bacillus anthracis immunizing antigen and its application to a study of antigen production . J. Gen. Microbiol. 17 : 505 - 516 .","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.70.4.420-426.1955","article-title":"D-amino acid transamination in Bacillus anthracis","volume":"70","author":"THORNE C. B.","year":"1955","unstructured":"THORNE , C. B. , AND F. C. BELTON. 1955 . D-amino acid transamination in Bacillus anthracis . J. Bacteriol. 70 : 420 - 426 .","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"p_12","first-page":"523","article-title":"Studies on immunity in anthrax. II. In vitro elaboration of protective antigen by non-proteolytic mutants of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"93","author":"WRIGHT G. G.","year":"1951","unstructured":"WRIGHT , G. G. , M. A. HEDBERG , A ND R . J. FEINBERG. 1951 . Studies on immunity in anthrax. II. In vitro elaboration of protective antigen by non-proteolytic mutants of Bacillus anthracis . J. Exptl. Med. 93 : 523 - 527 .","journal-title":"J. Exptl. Med."},{"key":"p_13","first-page":"263","article-title":"Studies on immunity in anthrax. III. Elaboration of protective antigen in a chemically-defined, non-protein medium","volume":"72","author":"WRIGHT G. G.","year":"1954","unstructured":"WRIGHT , G. G. , M. A. HEDBERG , A ND J . B. SLEIN. 1954 . Studies on immunity in anthrax. III. Elaboration of protective antigen in a chemically-defined, non-protein medium . J. Immunol. 72 : 263 - 269 .","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1038\/179916a0","article-title":"Elaboration of protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis under anaerobic conditions","volume":"179","author":"WRIGHT G. G.","year":"1957","unstructured":"WRIGHT , G. G. , AND M. PUZISS. 1957 . Elaboration of protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis under anaerobic conditions . Nature 179 : 916 - 917 .","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jb.83.3.515-522.1962","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jb.83.3.515-522.1962","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T17:08:22Z","timestamp":1627578502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/jb.83.3.515-522.1962"}},"subtitle":["Effect of Variations in Cultural Conditions on Elaboration of Protective Antigen by Strains of\n            <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1962,3]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1962,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/jb.83.3.515-522.1962"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.83.3.515-522.1962","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9193","1098-5530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9193","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5530","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1962,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-02-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}