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To assess the specificities of these dipsticks, an in-frame F1-deficient mutant of CO92 (\u0394<jats:italic>caf<\/jats:italic>) was generated by homologous recombination and used as a negative control. Based on genetic, antigenic\/immunologic, and electron microscopic analyses, the \u0394<jats:italic>caf<\/jats:italic>mutant was devoid of a capsule. The growth rate of the \u0394<jats:italic>caf<\/jats:italic>mutant generally was similar to that of the wild-type (WT) bacterium at both 26 and 37\u00b0C, although the mutant's growth dropped slightly during the late phase at 37\u00b0C. The \u0394<jats:italic>caf<\/jats:italic>mutant was as virulent as WT CO92 in the pneumonic plague mouse model; however, it was attenuated in developing bubonic plague. Both dipsticks had similar sensitivities, requiring a minimum of 0.5 \u03bcg\/ml of purified F1 antigen or 1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>to 5 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>CFU\/ml of WT CO92 for positive results, while the blood samples were negative for up to 1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>CFU\/ml of the \u0394<jats:italic>caf<\/jats:italic>mutant. Our studies demonstrated the diagnostic potential of two plague dipsticks in detecting capsular-positive strains of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>in bubonic and pneumonic plague.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00064-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,3]],"date-time":"2011-03-03T03:29:54Z","timestamp":1299122994000},"page":"1708-1715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Characterization of an F1 Deletion Mutant of Yersinia pestis CO92, Pathogenic Role of F1 Antigen in Bubonic and Pneumonic Plague, and Evaluation of Sensitivity and Specificity of F1 Antigen Capture-Based Dipsticks"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Sha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 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