{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:10:40Z","timestamp":1788959440133,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015160","name":"Hologic, Inc.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015160","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Numerous studies describe increased rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in women with symptomatic vaginitis from various causes. We present a comparative analysis of the diagnostic utility of STI nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (TV),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (CT),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (NG), and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycoplasma genitalium<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MG) in 1,039 women with symptomatic vaginitis, including 823 women diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis (BV) and\/or vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) by in-office health care provider (HCP) clinical assessment, conventional laboratory methods (Nugent Score\/Amsel Criteria\/culture), or BV- and VVC-NAAT methods. Among 508 women with a conventional laboratory BV diagnosis, significantly more STIs were detected in women with a positive BV-NAAT result (147\/154, 95.5%) compared to women with HCP diagnosis of BV (134\/154, 87.0%;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0408). For women with a culture-positive VVC diagnosis, a higher STI-NAAT positivity rate correlated with a positive VVC-NAAT result (55\/59, 93.2%) compared to HCP VVC diagnosis (18\/59, 30.5%), although this difference was not significant. A positive vs negative BV-NAAT result had a significantly higher relative risk for any STI infection (RR: 1.85; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.43\u20132.39,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001), while relative risks for STI-NAAT positive infections were not elevated significantly in VVC. Finally, STI NAAT positivity rates were higher in women with positive BV\/VVC NAAT vaginitis diagnoses compared to women diagnosed with BV\/VVC by conventional clinician empirical diagnosis. These results indicate combined molecular testing for STIs, and BV\/VVC has improved diagnostic yield compared to conventional laboratory methods or traditional HCP assessment for these disorders.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>\n                        <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                      <\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>An all-molecular (nucleic acid amplification test [NAAT]-based) approach to vaginitis and sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing of vaginal swabs from women with symptomatic vaginitis provides optimal STI case finding comparable to using STI NAATs after traditional lab-based methods for vaginitis diagnosis and better than using STI NAATs following a clinician\u2019s assessment for vaginitis diagnosis. This study demonstrates that a combined molecular testing strategy to identify the causes of vaginitis and STIs can improve risk stratification, support guideline-aligned STI testing, help clinicians provide the most appropriate and comprehensive care, and streamline clinical and laboratory workflows using a single specimen and single test method (NAAT).<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00117-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:00:38Z","timestamp":1787310038000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical utility of nucleic acid amplification testing for detection of sexually transmitted infections in women with symptomatic bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis identified by conventional versus molecular diagnoses"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Damon","family":"Getman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hologic, Inc.","place":["San Diego, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlene C.","family":"Se\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0130frc33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of North Carolina","place":["Chapel Hill, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8580-0514","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ashley","family":"Nenninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hologic, Inc.","place":["San Diego, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane R.","family":"Schwebke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/008s83205","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","place":["Birmingham, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2025. Global and regional STI estimates. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/topics\/global-and-regional-sti-estimates"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022. Sexually transmitted infections surveillance. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/statistics\/2022\/default.htm"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. 2021. National health expenditure data. Available from: https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/data-research\/statistics-trends-and-reports\/national-health-expenditure-data\/historical"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2020. Sexually transmitted infections national strategic plan for the United States: 2021\u20132025. https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/STI-National-Strategic-Plan-2021-2025.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000154504.54686.d1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pop.2017.0132"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31823e2ff7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001820"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318074e565"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ312"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003604"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000972"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.02.060"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/367658"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03831-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy504"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00816-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. 2025. 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