{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T02:48:07Z","timestamp":1792723687274,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,1]],"date-time":"2014-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401580800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Plasmodium knowlesi<\/jats:named-content>\n causes severe and fatal malaria in Malaysia. Microscopic misdiagnosis is common and may delay appropriate treatment.\n P. knowlesi<\/jats:named-content>\n can cross-react with \u201cspecies-specific\u201d parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) monoclonal antibodies used in rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) to detect\n P. falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n and\n P. vivax<\/jats:named-content>\n . At one tertiary-care hospital and two district hospitals in Sabah, we prospectively evaluated two combination RDTs for malaria diagnosis by using both a pan-\n Plasmodium<\/jats:named-content>\n -pLDH (pan-pLDH)\/\n P. falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n -specific-pLDH (\n Pf<\/jats:italic>\n -pLDH) RDT (OptiMAL-IT) and a non-\n P. falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n VOM-pLDH\/\n Pf<\/jats:italic>\n -HRP2 RDT (CareStart). Differential cross-reactivity among these combinations was hypothesized to differentiate\n P. knowlesi<\/jats:named-content>\n from other\n Plasmodium<\/jats:named-content>\n monoinfections. Among 323 patients with PCR-confirmed\n P. knowlesi<\/jats:named-content>\n (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 193),\n P. falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 93), and\n P. vivax<\/jats:named-content>\n (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 37) monoinfections, the VOM-pLDH individual component had the highest sensitivity for nonsevere (35%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 27 to 43%) and severe (92%; CI, 81 to 100%)\n P. knowlesi<\/jats:named-content>\n malaria. CareStart demonstrated a\n P. knowlesi<\/jats:named-content>\n sensitivity of 42% (CI, 34 to 49%) and specificity of 74% (CI, 65 to 82%), a\n P. vivax<\/jats:named-content>\n sensitivity of 83% (CI, 66 to 93%) and specificity of 71% (CI, 65 to 76%), and a\n P. falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n sensitivity of 97% (CI, 90 to 99%) and specificity of 99% (CI, 97 to 100%). OptiMAL-IT demonstrated a\n P. knowlesi<\/jats:named-content>\n sensitivity of 32% (CI, 25 to 39%) and specificity of 21% (CI, 15 to 29%), a\n P. vivax<\/jats:named-content>\n sensitivity of 60% (CI, 42 to 75%) and specificity of 97% (CI, 94 to 99%), and a\n P. falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n sensitivity of 82% (CI, 72 to 89%) and specificity of 39% (CI, 33 to 46%). The combination of CareStart plus OptiMAL-IT for\n P. knowlesi<\/jats:named-content>\n using predefined criteria gave a sensitivity of 25% (CI, 19 to 32%) and specificity of 97% (CI, 92 to 99%). Combining two RDT combinations was highly specific for\n P. knowlesi<\/jats:named-content>\n malaria diagnosis; however, sensitivity was poor. The specificity of pLDH RDTs was decreased for\n P. vivax<\/jats:named-content>\n and\n P. falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n because of\n P. knowlesi<\/jats:named-content>\n cross-reactivity and cautions against their use alone in areas where\n P. knowlesi<\/jats:named-content>\n malaria is endemic. Sensitive\n P. knowlesi<\/jats:named-content>\n -specific RDTs and\/or alternative molecular diagnostic tools are needed in areas where\n P. knowlesi<\/jats:named-content>\n malaria is endemic.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00181-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,3]],"date-time":"2014-04-03T06:17:43Z","timestamp":1396505863000},"page":"2053-2060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Combining Parasite Lactate Dehydrogenase-Based and Histidine-Rich Protein 2-Based Rapid Tests To Improve Specificity for Diagnosis of Malaria Due to Plasmodium knowlesi and Other Plasmodium Species in Sabah, Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Grigg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia"},{"name":"Infectious Disease Unit, Clinical Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"William","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Unit, Clinical Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia"},{"name":"Sabah Department of Health, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget E.","family":"Barber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia"},{"name":"Infectious Disease Unit, Clinical Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uma","family":"Parameswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia"},{"name":"Infectious Disease Unit, Clinical Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elspeth","family":"Bird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Society Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Piera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ammar","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabakaran","family":"Dhanaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sabah Department of Health, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia"},{"name":"Kudat District Hospital, Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsin W.","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas M.","family":"Anstey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia"},{"name":"Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, 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Human Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Klang Valley, Peninsula Malaysia: a case series. Med. J. Malaysia 65:63\u201365.","journal-title":"Med. J. Malaysia"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","volume-title":"APMEN V: Vivax Working Group Meeting","author":"William T","year":"2013","unstructured":"WilliamT. 2013. Artesunate-mefloquine vs. chloroquine in patients with acute uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax: a randomized open label trial in Sabah, Malaysia. APMEN V: Vivax Working Group Meeting, 5 March 2013, Bali, Indonesia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1707.101017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/524888"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605439"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis902"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-284"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"301","article-title":"A study of monkey-malaria and its experimental transmission to man","volume":"67","author":"Knowles R","year":"1932","unstructured":"KnowlesRDas GuptaBM. 1932. A study of monkey-malaria and its experimental transmission to man. Ind. Med. Gaz. 67:301\u2013321.","journal-title":"Ind. Med. 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A.","family":"Land","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JCM.00181-14"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.00181-14","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-01-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-03-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-05-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}