{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:09:14Z","timestamp":1790968154248,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,1]],"date-time":"2007-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1185926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>is both a successful human commensal and a major pathogen. The elucidation of the molecular determinants of virulence, in particular assessment of the contributions of the genetic background versus those of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), has proved difficult in this variable species. To address this, we simultaneously determined the genetic backgrounds (<jats:italic>spa<\/jats:italic>typing) and the distributions of all 19 known superantigens and the exfoliative toxins A and D (multiplex PCR) as markers for MGEs. Methicillin- sensitive<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>strains from Pomerania, 107 nasal and 88 blood culture isolates, were investigated. All superantigen-encoding MGEs were linked more or less tightly to the genetic background. Thus, each<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>clonal complex was characterized by a typical repertoire of superantigen and exfoliative toxin genes. However, within each<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>clonal complex and even within the same<jats:italic>spa<\/jats:italic>type, virulence gene profiles varied remarkably. Therefore, virulence genes of nasal and blood culture isolates were separately compared in each clonal complex. The results indicated a role in infection for the MGE harboring the exfoliative toxin D gene. In contrast, there was no association of superantigen genes with bloodstream invasion. In summary, we show here that the simultaneous assessment of virulence gene profiles and the genetic background increases the discriminatory power of genetic investigations into the mechanisms of<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00204-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,31]],"date-time":"2007-05-31T00:54:28Z","timestamp":1180572868000},"page":"2669-2680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":203,"title":["Clonal Distribution of Superantigen Genes in Clinical<i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>Isolates"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Holtfreter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Grumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Schmudde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. 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