{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T14:53:25Z","timestamp":1778943205849,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Resistance to antimonial drugs has been documented in<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Leishmania<\/jats:named-content>isolates transmitted in South America, Europe, and Asia. The frequency and distribution of resistance to these and other antileishmanial drugs are unknown. Technical constraints have limited the assessment of drug susceptibility of clinical strains of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Leishmania<\/jats:named-content>. Susceptibility of experimentally selected lines and 130 clinical strains of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Leishmania panamensis<\/jats:named-content>,<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. braziliensis<\/jats:named-content>, and<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. guyanensis<\/jats:named-content>to meglumine antimoniate and miltefosine was determined on the basis of parasite burden and percentage of infected U-937 human macrophages. Reductions of infection at single predefined concentrations of meglumine antimoniate and miltefosine and 50% effective doses (ED<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>s) were measured and correlated. The effects of 34\u00b0C and 37\u00b0C incubation temperatures and different parasite-to-host cell ratios on drug susceptibility were evaluated at 5, 10, and 20 parasites\/cell. Reduction of the intracellular burden of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Leishmania<\/jats:named-content>amastigotes in U-937 cells exposed to the predefined concentrations of meglumine antimoniate or miltefosine discriminated sensitive and experimentally derived resistant<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Leishmania<\/jats:named-content>populations and was significantly correlated with ED<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>values of clinical strains (for meglumine antimoniate, \u03c1 = \u22120.926 and<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001; for miltefosine, \u03c1 = \u22120.906 and<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001). Incubation at 37\u00b0C significantly inhibited parasite growth compared to that at 34\u00b0C in the absence of antileishmanial drugs and resulted in a significantly lower ED<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>in the presence of drugs. Susceptibility assessment was not altered by the parasite-to-cell ratio over the range evaluated. In conclusion, measurement of the reduction of parasite burden at a single predetermined drug concentration under standardized conditions provides an efficient and reliable strategy for susceptibility evaluation and monitoring of clinical strains of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Leishmania<\/jats:named-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00216-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,20]],"date-time":"2012-04-20T00:13:41Z","timestamp":1334880821000},"page":"2207-2211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Novel Approach to<i>In Vitro<\/i>Drug Susceptibility Assessment of Clinical Strains of Leishmania spp"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Olga","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones M\u00e9dica, Cali, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yira","family":"Diaz-Toro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Dermatol\u00f3gico Federico Lleras Acosta, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Valderrama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones M\u00e9dica, Cali, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clemencia","family":"Ovalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Dermatol\u00f3gico Federico Lleras Acosta, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mabel","family":"Valderrama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones M\u00e9dica, Cali, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones M\u00e9dica, Cali, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones M\u00e9dica, Cali, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy Gore","family":"Saravia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones M\u00e9dica, Cali, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1981.30.318"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/142.1.83"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00795.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2210-2-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.111-126.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/510860"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00014-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(01)00197-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/292848a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01075-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01233-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2006.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"974","article-title":"Induction of human monocyte cell line U937 differentiation and CSF-1 production by phorbol ester","volume":"20","author":"Liu MY","year":"1992","unstructured":"LiuMY WuMC. 1992. 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