{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:03:21Z","timestamp":1791349401000,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Previous studies suggested that 7 to 15% of healthy adults are colonized with toxigenic\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Clostridium difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            . To investigate the epidemiology, genetic diversity, and duration of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            colonization in asymptomatic persons, we recruited healthy adults from the general population in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Participants provided epidemiological and dietary intake data and submitted stool specimens. The presence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            in stool specimens was determined by anaerobic culture. Stool specimens yielding\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            underwent nucleic acid testing of the\n            <jats:italic>tcdA<\/jats:italic>\n            gene segment with a commercial assay;\n            <jats:italic>tcdC<\/jats:italic>\n            genotyping was performed on\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates. Subjects positive for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            by toxigenic anaerobic culture were asked to submit additional specimens. One hundred six (81%) of 130 subjects submitted specimens, and 7 (6.6%) of those subjects were colonized with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Seven distinct\n            <jats:italic>tcdC<\/jats:italic>\n            genotypes were observed among the 7\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            -colonized individuals, including\n            <jats:italic>tcdC<\/jats:italic>\n            genotype 20, which has been found in uncooked ground pork in this region. Two (33%) out of 6\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            -colonized subjects who submitted additional specimens tested positive for identical\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains on successive occasions, 1 month apart. The prevalence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            carriage in this healthy cohort is concordant with prior estimates.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            -colonized individuals may be important reservoirs for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            and may falsely test positive for infections due to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            when evaluated for community-acquired diarrhea caused by other enteric pathogens.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00222-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]],"date-time":"2014-04-24T03:17:39Z","timestamp":1398309459000},"page":"2406-2409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Prevalence and Duration of Asymptomatic Clostridium difficile Carriage among Healthy Subjects in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Alison L.","family":"Galdys","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jemma S.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Shutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Schlackman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana L.","family":"Pakstis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. William","family":"Pasculle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane W.","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee H.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott R.","family":"Curry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00082-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1203.051064"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-012-1603-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"157","article-title":"Vital signs: preventing Clostridium difficile infections","volume":"61","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2012","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012. 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B.","family":"Onderdonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JCM.00222-14"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.00222-14","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-01-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-04-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-06-26","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}