{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T08:18:32Z","timestamp":1791101912278,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]],"date-time":"2008-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1217548800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Many cases of neonatal toxic shock syndrome (TSS)-like exanthematous disease but few cases of menstrual TSS (mTSS) have been reported in Japan. We determined the prevalence of mucosal colonization with\n            <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            and of positive antibodies to TSS toxin 1 (TSST-1) among 209 healthy Japanese women in Tokyo.\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates from mucosal sites were characterized with respect to TSST-1 production and resistance genotype. Antibody titers were determined for test subjects and for 133 Japanese and 137 Caucasian control women living in the United States.\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            was isolated from at least one site in 108 of 209 women (52%) in Tokyo. Of the 159\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates recovered, 14 (9%) were TSST-1 positive (12 unique strains). Twelve of 209 women (6%) were colonized with a TSST-1-producing strain; two (&lt;1%) had vaginal colonization. Only 2 of 12 unique toxigenic strains (14%) were methicillin resistant. Of the 12 TSST-1-positive strains isolated, 6 (50%) were pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type USA200, multilocus sequence type clonal complex 30. Fewer Japanese women in Tokyo (47%) than Caucasian and Japanese women in the United States (89% and 75%, respectively) had TSST-1 antibodies. The prevalences of colonization with TSST-1-producing\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            were comparable in Japan and the United States, despite low seropositivity to TSST-1 in Japan. Environmental factors appear to be important in promoting the development of anti-TSST-1 antibodies, as there was a significant difference in titers between Japanese women living in Tokyo and those living in the United States. Most colonizing TSST-1-producing\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            strains in Japan were genotypically similar to mTSS strains found in the United States.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00228-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,13]],"date-time":"2008-06-13T01:14:21Z","timestamp":1213319661000},"page":"2731-2738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Prevalence of Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1 (TSST-1)-Producing Strains of\n            <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n            and Antibody to TSST-1 among Healthy Japanese Women"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Parsonnet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Section, Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard V.","family":"Goering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie A.","family":"Hansmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Procter &amp; Gamble, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaelle B.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Procter &amp; Gamble, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumiko","family":"Ohtagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Procter and Gamble Far East, Kobe, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine C.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Procter &amp; Gamble, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoichi","family":"Totsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0934-8840(11)80599-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"267","volume":"73","year":"1999","unstructured":"Azuma, M. 1999. 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