{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:26:43Z","timestamp":1791581203270,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the leading cause of congenital infection worldwide and the most common cause of non-genetic sensorineural hearing loss. As there is no vaccine or other specific intervention to prevent congenital CMV infection, there is a need to identify maternal and congenital infections with sensitive and specific testing as early as possible. There is no widely accepted practice for screening during pregnancy or in all newborns for identification of possible cases of congenital CMV. Currently, screening during pregnancy is limited to those identified as at risk followed by fetal and\/or neonatal testing when congenital infection is suspected. This review focuses primarily on the current status of laboratory testing for diagnosis of maternal and congenital CMV infections. Primary maternal infection is best diagnosed using serologic testing, including CMV IgM, IgG, and avidity testing, while fetal infection should be assessed by nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) of amniotic fluid. Urine and saliva NAATs are the mainstay for diagnosis of congenital CMV in the first 3 weeks of life. Testing of dried blood spots can be useful for diagnosis of congenital CMV outside of the newborn period. The gaps in knowledge such as the prognostic value of viral loads in various sample types are addressed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00313-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T14:00:45Z","timestamp":1708696845000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Maternal and congenital human cytomegalovirus infection: laboratory testing for detection and diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3075-3586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy L.","family":"Leber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00062-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","volume-title":"Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Clinnical features and diagnosis","author":"Demmler-Harrison G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Demmler-Harrison G. 2023. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Clinnical features and diagnosis. UpToDate."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","volume-title":"Remington and Klein's infectious disease of the fetus and newborn infant","author":"Wilson C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilson C, Nizet V, Maldonado Y, Remington J, Klein J. 2016. Remington and Klein's infectious disease of the fetus and newborn infant. 8th ed. Elsiver.","edition":"8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03380140074025"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11175006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4118"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.09.052"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30143-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001763"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2001.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2010.07.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.1.196-198.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-009-0738-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAT.0b013e328353bec0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00332-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040962"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00487-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1386-6532(98)00009-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2016.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","unstructured":"Boppana S. 2023. Cytomegalovurs infection in pregnancy. UpToDate."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23608"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315036"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu263"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1006561"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz373"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.423"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.5441"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922816684596"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2023.114685"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2018.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101516"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00281-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13030399"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/160.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081749"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000466430.19823.53"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00106-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.4.4.469-473.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.9.4.824-827.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-014-2080-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2018.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2010.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00105-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2012.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2000.13.137"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.107110"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit059"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-0223(199904)19:4<314::aid-pd542>3.0.co;2-h"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11030396"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","first-page":"36","article-title":"Congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"1","author":"Demmler GJ","year":"1994","unstructured":"Demmler GJ. 1994. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Semin Pediatr Neurol 1:36\u201342.","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00561-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147883"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281341"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.21.2.217-221.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(87)90018-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.3.688-692.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.6.1177"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01951-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2017.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.3.604"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.6.1229"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-0934(01)00347-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000757"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23143"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1970141108"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.05.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.59"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5025"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.106347"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(95)70563-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15513819709168569"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e318290f171"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2019.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz601"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_83_2","volume-title":"Simplexa congenital CMV direct, Mol2255,Rev. 01","author":"Diasorin Molecular","year":"2022","unstructured":"Diasorin Molecular. 2022. Simplexa congenital CMV direct, Mol2255,Rev. 01. Package Insert."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01781-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00283-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02502-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000118"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2006.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227143"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.04.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0200-2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy057"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-302230"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piy048"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_96_2","unstructured":"Meridian BioSciences. 2018. Package insert Alethia CMV DNA amplification assay. Rev 07\/21."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2023.105527"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.695"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2012.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02044-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piad013"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2022.4109"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.09.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(94)90111-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1386-6532(00)00089-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04041-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115051"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2010.235"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200301000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.119230"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2011.583268"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns9030044"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0281-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2005.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200405000-00028"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2016.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104504"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020660"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-04044-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003671"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15102116"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1913569"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1310214"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_127_2","unstructured":"Demmler-Harrison GJ. 2023. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: management and outcome. UpToDate."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.26136"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2022.100676"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31868-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.26039"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_132_2","volume-title":"Redbook: 2021-2024 report of the committee on infectious disease","author":"Cytomegalovivirus","unstructured":"Cytomegalovivirus. Redbook: 2021-2024 report of the committee on infectious disease. AAp Publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.04.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1790"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns9020033"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-071997"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01868-16"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01164-24","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724025600000}}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jcm.00313-23","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jcm.00313-23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T23:14:09Z","timestamp":1715814849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/jcm.00313-23"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Romney M.","family":"Humphries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"references-count":137,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/jcm.00313-23"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.00313-23","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1128\/jcm.01164-24","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00313-23"}}