{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T11:24:25Z","timestamp":1774437865009,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]],"date-time":"2013-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372636800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:named-content>\n is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) causing vaginitis. Microscopy has poor sensitivity but is used for diagnosis of trichomoniasis in resource-poor settings. We aimed to provide a more reliable diagnosis of trichomoniasis by investigating an association with leukorrhea. Women presenting for evaluation of vaginal discharge, STI exposure, or preventative gynecologic examination were evaluated for\n Trichomonas<\/jats:named-content>\n infection. Vaginal pH was determined and microscopy was performed by the provider, who recorded the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) per epithelial cell and the presence of clue cells, yeast, and\/or motile trichomonads. Leukorrhea was defined as greater than one PMNL per epithelial cell. Culture and a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) were used to detect\n T. vaginalis<\/jats:named-content>\n . Patients were evaluated for\n Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:named-content>\n and\n Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:named-content>\n using NAATs and bacterial vaginosis using Gram stains. Two hundred ninety-four women were enrolled, and 16% were found to have\n Trichomonas<\/jats:named-content>\n (46\/294).\n Trichomonas<\/jats:named-content>\n infection was more common in parous non-Hispanic, black women, who reported low rates of contraceptive use (33% versus 17%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.02) and a STI history (85% versus 55%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.002). These women were more likely to report vaginal discharge (76% versus 59%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.02) and have an elevated vaginal pH (87% versus 48%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001) and gonorrhea infection (15% versus 4%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.002). Leukorrhea was associated with a 4-fold-increased risk of\n Trichomonas<\/jats:named-content>\n infection. Leukorrhea on microscopy was associated with\n Trichomonas<\/jats:named-content>\n vaginitis. Patients with leukorrhea should be evaluated with more-sensitive tests for\n T. vaginalis<\/jats:named-content>\n , preferably NAATs, if microscopy is negative.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00416-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,16]],"date-time":"2013-05-16T04:33:06Z","timestamp":1368678786000},"page":"2323-2327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Correlation of Leukorrhea and Trichomonas vaginalis Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Gweneth B.","family":"Lazenby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Soper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederick S.","family":"Nolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522532"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3282f3d999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00564-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2007.00692.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2303.2000.00237.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"808","article-title":"Leukorrhea and bacterial vaginosis as in-office predictors of cervical infection in high-risk women","volume":"100","author":"Hakakha MM","year":"2002","unstructured":"HakakhaMM DavisJ KorstLM SilvermanNS. 2002. 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