{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T09:05:32Z","timestamp":1791104732380,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]],"date-time":"2010-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1280620800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The accuracy of diagnostic tests for HIV in patients with tropical infections is poorly documented. Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is characterized by a polyclonal B-cell activation, constituting a risk for false-positive reactions to diagnostic tests, including HIV tests. A retrospective study of the accuracy of HIV diagnostic tests was performed with 360 human African HAT patients infected with\n            <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense<\/jats:italic>\n            before treatment and 163\n            <jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic>\n            -infected patients 2 years after successful treatment in Mbuji Mayi, East Kasai, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The sensitivities, specificities, and positive predictive values (PPVs) of individual tests and algorithms consisting of 3 rapid tests were determined. The sensitivity of all tests was 100% (11\/11). The low specificity (96.3%, 335\/348) and PPV (45.8%, 11\/24) of a classical seroconfirmation strategy (Vironostika enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] followed by line immunoassay) complicated the determination of HIV status, which had to be determined by PCR. The specificities of the rapid diagnostic tests were 39.1% for Determine (136\/348); 85.3 to 92.8% (297\/348 to 323\/348) for Vikia, ImmunoFlow, DoubleCheck, and Bioline; and 96.6 to 98.3% (336\/348 to 342\/348) for Uni-Gold, OraQuick, and Stat-Pak. The specificity of Vironostika was 67.5% (235\/348). PPVs ranged between 4.9 and 64.7%. Combining 3 different rapid tests resulted in specificities of 98.3 to 100% (342\/348 to 348\/348) and PPVs of 64.7 to 100% (11\/17 to 11\/11). For cured HAT patients, specificities were significantly higher for Vironostika, Determine, Uni-Gold, and ImmunoFlow.\n            <jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic>\n            infection decreases the specificities of antibody detection tests for HIV diagnosis. Unless tests have been validated for interference with HAT, HIV diagnosis using classical algorithms in untreated HAT patients should be avoided. Specific, validated combinations of 3 HIV rapid tests can increase specificity.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00456-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,24]],"date-time":"2010-06-24T02:40:46Z","timestamp":1277347246000},"page":"2836-2839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Low Specificities of HIV Diagnostic Tests Caused by\n            <i>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense<\/i>\n            Sleeping Sickness"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"V.","family":"Lejon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Mumba","family":"Ngoyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Institut National de Recherche Biome\u0301dicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ilunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Mbuji Mayi, East Kasai\u0308, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Beelaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Maes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Bu\u0308scher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Fransen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"179","volume":"47","year":"1992","unstructured":"Blanchot, I., A. Dabadie, G. Tell, C. Guiguen, B. Faugere, A. M. Plar-Pell, and M. Roussey. 1992. Acc\u00e8s f\u00e9briles \u00e0 r\u00e9p\u00e9tition chez un enfant africain: difficult\u00e9s diagnostiques d'une trypanosomiase en France. Pediatrie 47 : 179-183.","journal-title":"Pediatrie"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"1690","volume":"119","year":"1994","unstructured":"Damian, M. S., W. Dorndorf, H. Burkardt, I. Singer, B. Leinweber, and W. Schachenmayr. 1994. Polyneuritis und Myositis bei Trypanosoma gambiense Infektion. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 119 : 1690-1693.","journal-title":"Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02264-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02207-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"10","volume":"65","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kazyumba, G., M. Berney, G. Brighouse, A. Cruchaud, and P. H. Lambert. 1986. Expression of the B cell repertoire and autoantibodies in human African trypanosomiasis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 65 : 10-18.","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"77","volume":"67","year":"1981","unstructured":"Lambert, P. H., M. Berney, and G. Kazyumba. 1981. Immune complexes in serum and in cerebrospinal fluid in African trypanosomiasis. Correlation with polyclonal B cell activation and with intracerebral immunoglobulin synthesis. J. Clin. Invest. 67 : 77-85.","journal-title":"Correlation with polyclonal B cell activation and with intracerebral immunoglobulin synthesis. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"155","volume":"42","year":"1991","unstructured":"Louis, J. P., J. P. Moulia-Pelar, J. Jannin, T. Asonganyi, C. Hengy, A. Trebucq, J. Noutoua, and P. Cattand. 1991. Absence of epidemiological inter-relations between HIV infection and African human trypanosomiasis in Central Africa. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 42 : 155.","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90425-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/649917"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(87)90377-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.47.133"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"319","volume":"6","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ribeiro, T. T., C. Brites, E. D. Moreira, K. Siller, N. Silva, W. D. Johnson, and R. Badaro. 1993. Serologic validation of HIV infection in a tropical area. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 6 : 319-322.","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcps021049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/518709"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050055"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"1","year":"2009","unstructured":"UNAIDS and World Health Organization. 2009. AIDS epidemic update: November 2009, p. 1-99. UNAIDS\/09.36E \/ JC1700E. UNAIDS, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.","journal-title":"AIDS epidemic update: November 2009,"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(94)00126-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2009. HIV antigen\/antibody assays: operational characteristics. Report 16: rapid assays p. 1-50. World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland. http:\/\/www.who.int\/diagnostics_laboratory\/publications\/Report16_final.pdf\n."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2009. Procurement of HIV diagnostics. World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland. http:\/\/www.who.int\/diagnostics_laboratory\/procurement\/hiv\/en\/index.html\n."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.00456-10","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.00456-10","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T09:19:40Z","timestamp":1646471980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JCM.00456-10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JCM.00456-10"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.00456-10","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-03-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-06-13","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-08-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}