{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:45:19Z","timestamp":1791218719684,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,1]],"date-time":"2007-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1185926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic>subsp.<jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>, the etiological agent of paratuberculosis, affects a wide range of domestic ruminants and has been suggested to be involved in Crohn's disease in humans. Most available methods for identifying and differentiating strains of this difficult species are technically demanding and have limited discriminatory power. Here, we report the identification of novel PCR-based typing markers consisting of variable-number tandem repeats (VNTRs) of genetic elements called mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRUs). Eight markers were applied to 183<jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>subsp.<jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>isolates from bovine, caprine, ovine, cervine, leporine, and human origins from 10 different countries and to 82 human isolates of the closely related species<jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>from France. Among the<jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>subsp.<jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>isolates, 21 patterns were found by MIRU-VNTR typing, with a discriminatory index of 0.751. The predominant R01 IS<jats:italic>900<\/jats:italic>restriction fragment length polymorphism type, comprising 131 isolates, was divided into 15 MIRU-VNTR types. Among the 82<jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>isolates, the eight MIRU-VNTR loci distinguished 30 types, none of which was shared by<jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>subsp.<jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>isolates, resulting in a discriminatory index of 0.889. Our results suggest that MIRU-VNTR typing is a fast typing method that, in combination with other methods, might prove to be optimal for PCR-based molecular epidemiological studies of<jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>subsp.<jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>pathogens. In addition, presumably identical<jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>subsp.<jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>316F vaccine strains originating from the Weybridge laboratory and from different commercial batches from Me\u0301rial actually differed by one or both typing methods. These results indicate a substantial degree of genetic drift among different vaccine preparations, which has important implications for prophylactic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00476-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,31]],"date-time":"2007-05-31T00:54:28Z","timestamp":1180572868000},"page":"2404-2410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":165,"title":["New Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Markers for Typing<i>Mycobacterium avium<\/i>subsp.<i>paratuberculosis<\/i>and<i>M. avium<\/i>Strains: Comparison with IS<i>900<\/i>and IS<i>1245<\/i>Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Typing"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Virginie C.","family":"Thibault","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UR1282, Infectiologie Animale, Sante\u0301 Publique (IASP-311), INRA Centre de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maggy","family":"Grayon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR1282, Infectiologie Animale, Sante\u0301 Publique (IASP-311), INRA Centre de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Laura","family":"Boschiroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unite\u0301 Zoonoses Bacte\u0301riennes, Agence Franc\u0327aise de Se\u0301curite\u0301 Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 av. du Ge\u0301ne\u0301ral de Gaulle, F-94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Hubbans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U629 INSERM Institut de Biologie de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette BP 447, F-59021 Lille Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Overduin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unite\u0301 Biodiversite\u0301 des Bacte\u0301ries Pathoge\u0300nes Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Supply","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U629 INSERM Institut de Biologie de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette BP 447, F-59021 Lille Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Biet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR1282, Infectiologie Animale, Sante\u0301 Publique (IASP-311), INRA Centre de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.4.1694-1702.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.153.3.1138-1146.1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.11.3091-3098.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-8508(03)00047-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.1997.0131"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.7.1591-1596.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.11.5345-5348.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.6.1746-1751.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.26.11.2465-2466.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-6-1557"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"438","volume":"21","year":"1895","unstructured":"Johne, H. 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