{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:24:05Z","timestamp":1791239045850,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]],"date-time":"2011-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1309478400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Rapid identification of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            var.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">grubii<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            var.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptococcus gattii<\/jats:named-content>\n            is imperative for facilitation of prompt treatment of cryptococcosis and for understanding the epidemiology of the disease. Our purpose was to evaluate a test algorithm incorporating commercial rapid biochemical tests, differential media, and DNA sequence analysis that will allow us to differentiate these taxa rapidly and accurately. We assessed 147 type, reference, and clinical isolates, including 6 other\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptococcus<\/jats:named-content>\n            spp. (10 isolates) and 14 other yeast species (24 isolates), using a 4-hour urea broth test (Remel), a 24-hour urea broth test (Becton Dickinson), a 4-hour caffeic acid disk test (Hardy Diagnostics and Remel), 40- to 44-hour growth assessment on\n            <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n            -canavanine glycine bromothymol blue (CGB) agar, and intergenic spacer (IGS) sequence analysis. All 123\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptococcus<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates hydrolyzed urea, along with 7 isolates of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Rhodotorula<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Trichosporon<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Eighty-five of 86\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            (99%) and 26 of 27\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. gattii<\/jats:named-content>\n            (96%) isolates had positive caffeic acid results, unlike the other cryptococci (0\/10) and yeast species (0\/24). Together, these two tests positively identified virtually all\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. neoformans\/C. gattii<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates (98%) within 4 h. CGB agar or IGS sequencing further differentiated these isolates within 48 h. On CGB, 25 of 27 (93%)\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. gattii<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains induced a blue color change, in contrast to 0 of 86\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates. Neighbor-joining cluster analysis of IGS sequences differentiated\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            var.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">grubii<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            var.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. gattii<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Based on these results, we describe a rapid identification algorithm for use in a microbiology laboratory to distinguish clinically relevant\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Cryptococcus<\/jats:named-content>\n            spp.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00502-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,19]],"date-time":"2011-05-19T03:55:42Z","timestamp":1305777342000},"page":"2522-2527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Rapid Identification of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii, C. neoformans var. neoformans, and C. gattii by Use of Rapid Biochemical Tests, Differential Media, and DNA Sequencing"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"McTaggart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology, Ontario Public Health Laboratories, Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology, Ontario Public Health Laboratories, Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto"},{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Seah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology, Ontario Public Health Laboratories, Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCCDC Public Health and Reference Microbiology Laboratory, PHSA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Fothergill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fungus Testing Laboratory, San Antonio, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean X.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology, Ontario Public Health Laboratories, Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00223-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000850"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01271-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.1.77-84.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1508.081384"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsyr.2005.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.3662-3672.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.1.82"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.1.91"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04220"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"GokulshankarS.\nBabuK.\nValliS.\nRanjitsinghA. 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