{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T22:00:55Z","timestamp":1784757655455,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n            virulence gene,\n            <jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic>\n            , and active forms of the vacuolating cytotoxin gene,\n            <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic>\n            , are major determinants of pathogenesis. However, previous studies linking these factors to disease risk have often included patients using aspirin\/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) or acid-suppressing drugs, both of which may confound results. Also, particularly for gastric cancer (GC), controls have often been of quite different ages. Here, we performed a careful study in a \u201cclean\u201d Belgian population with gastric cancer cases age and sex matched to 4 controls and with a parallel duodenal ulcer (DU) group. As in other populations, there was a close association between the presence of\n            <jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic>\n            and the\n            <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic>\n            s1 genotype. For GC, associations were found for\n            <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic>\n            s1-positive (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.01, odds ratio [OR], 9.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16 to 201.89), i1-positive (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.003; OR, 12.08; 95% CI, 1.50 to 259.64), and\n            <jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic>\n            -positive status (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.05; OR, infinity; 95% CI, 0.76 to infinity). For DU, associations were found with\n            <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic>\n            s1 (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.002; OR, 6.04; 95% CI, 1.52 to 27.87) and i1 (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.004; OR, 4.35; 95% CI, 1.36 to 14.78) status but not with\n            <jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic>\n            status. Neither condition showed independent associations with the\n            <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic>\n            m1 allele or with more biologically active forms of\n            <jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic>\n            with longer 3\u2032 variable regions. In this Belgian population, the best markers of gastric cancer- and duodenal ulcer-associated strains are the\n            <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic>\n            s1 and i1 genotypes. This fits with experimental data showing that the s and i regions are the key determinants of vacuolating cytotoxin activity.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00551-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,12]],"date-time":"2014-06-12T08:21:53Z","timestamp":1402561313000},"page":"2984-2989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Vacuolating Cytotoxin Genotypes Are Strong Markers of Gastric Cancer and Duodenal Ulcer-Associated Helicobacter pylori Strains: a Matched Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Ameer A.","family":"Memon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawfal R.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique Y.","family":"Miendje Deyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Burette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier Interr\u00e9gional Edith Cavell\/Site de la Basilique, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Atherton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70137-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI38605"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI20925"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"113","article-title":"The status of the cagA gene does not predict Helicobacter pylori-associated peptic ulcer disease in Singapore","volume":"102","author":"Hua J","year":"2000","unstructured":"HuaJZhengPYYeohKGHoB. 2000. The status of the cagA gene does not predict Helicobacter pylori-associated peptic ulcer disease in Singapore. 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