{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:17:24Z","timestamp":1788268644084,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The objective of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a noninvasive assay, conjunctival swab (CS) nested-PCR (n-PCR), for diagnosing canine leishmaniasis (CanL) in different stages of infection in comparison to the performance of the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), lymph node microscopy, and buffy coat n-PCR. To this end, we performed a cross-sectional survey among 253 nonselected dogs in areas of endemicity in central Italy. We also performed a longitudinal study of CS n-PCR among 20 sick dogs undergoing antileishmanial treatment. In the first study, among the 72 animals that were positive by at least one test (28.45%), CS n-PCR showed the best relative performance (76.38%), with a high concordance in comparison to standard IFAT serology (\u03ba = 0.75). The highest positivity rates using CS n-PCR were found in asymptomatic infected dogs (84.2%) and sick dogs (77.8%); however, the sensitivity of the assay was not associated with the presence of clinical signs. In the follow-up study on treated sick dogs, CS n-PCR was the most sensitive assay, with promising prognostic value for relapses. The univariate analysis of risk factors for CanL based on CS n-PCR findings showed a significant correlation with age (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.012), breed size (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.026), habitat (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 4.9 \u00d7 10\n            <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n            ), and previous therapy (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.014). Overall, the results indicated that CS n-PCR was the most sensitive assay of the less invasive diagnostic methods and could represent a good option for the early and simple diagnosis of CanL infection in asymptomatic animals and for monitoring relapses in drug-treated dogs.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00558-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,31]],"date-time":"2012-05-31T05:34:45Z","timestamp":1338442485000},"page":"2651-2659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Diagnostic Value of Conjunctival Swab Sampling Associated with Nested PCR for Different Categories of Dogs Naturally Exposed to Leishmania infantum Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Trentina","family":"Di Muccio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases and International Health, MIPI Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizia","family":"Veronesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio-Pathological Sciences and Hygiene of Animal and Food Production Section of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Antognoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Onofri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Piergili Fioretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio-Pathological Sciences and Hygiene of Animal and Food Production Section of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Gramiccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases and International Health, MIPI Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283159"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(95)00124-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(04)57001-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01719481"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2006.00840.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00190-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"235","volume-title":"Proceedings of the XIX Congresso Nazionale di Entomologia","author":"Corradetti C","year":"2002","unstructured":"CorradettiC SpinelliG MaroliM. 2002. 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