{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T17:39:58Z","timestamp":1775151598884,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]],"date-time":"2010-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283299200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>As antiretroviral therapy (ART) is scaled up in resource-limited countries, surveillance for HIV drug resistance (DR) is vital to ensure sustained effectiveness of first-line ART. We have developed and applied a broadly sensitive dried-blood-spot (DBS)-based genotyping assay for surveillance of HIV-1 DR in international settings. In 2005 and 2006, 171 DBS samples were collected under field conditions from newly diagnosed HIV-1-infected individuals from Malawi (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 58), Tanzania (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 60), and China (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=53). In addition, 30 DBS and 40 plasma specimens collected from ART patients in China and Cameroon, respectively, were also tested. Of the 171 DBS analyzed at the protease and RT regions, 149 (87.1%) could be genotyped, including 49 (81.7%) from Tanzania, 47 (88.7%) from China, and 53 (91.4%) from Malawi. Among the 70 ART patient samples analyzed, 100% (30\/30) of the Chinese DBS and 90% (36\/40) of the Cameroonian plasma specimens were genotyped, including 8 samples with a viral load of &lt;400 copies\/ml. The results of phylogenetic analyses indicated that the subtype, circulating recombinant form (CRF), and unique recombinant form (URF) distribution was as follows: 73 strains were subtype C (34%), 37 were subtype B (17.2%), 24 each were CRF01_AE or CRF02_AG (11.2% each), 22 were subtype A1 (10.2%), and 9 were unclassifiable (UC) (4.2%). The remaining samples were minor strains comprised of 6 that were CRF07_BC (2.8%), 5 that were CRF10_CD (2.3%), 3 each that were URF_A1C and CRF08_BC (1.4%), 2 each that were G, URF_BC, and URF_D\/UC (0.9%), and 1 each that were subtype F1, subtype F2, and URF_A1D (0.5%). Our results indicate that this broadly sensitive genotyping assay can be used to genotype DBS collected from areas with diverse HIV-1 group M subtypes and CRFs. Thus, the assay is likely to become a useful screening tool in the global resistance surveillance and monitoring of HIV-1 where multiple subtypes and CRFs are found.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00564-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,22]],"date-time":"2010-07-22T02:46:38Z","timestamp":1279766798000},"page":"3158-3164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Development and Application of a Broadly Sensitive Dried-Blood-Spot-Based Genotyping Assay for Global Surveillance of HIV-1 Drug Resistance"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Chunfu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global AIDS, NCHHSTP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"McNulty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global AIDS, NCHHSTP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karidia","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global AIDS, NCHHSTP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global AIDS, NCHHSTP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Institute of AIDS\/HIV Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boghuma","family":"Titanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Study and Control of Communicable Diseases (CSCCD), University of Yaounde, Yaounde, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sidibe","family":"Kassim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global AIDS, NCHHSTP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nellie","family":"Wadonda-Kabondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Health Sciences Unit, Malawi Ministry of Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Aberle-Grasse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC\/GAP, Lilongwe, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tabitha","family":"Kibuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC\/GAP, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Ndumbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Study and Control of Communicable Diseases (CSCCD), University of Yaounde, Yaounde, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanmugam","family":"Vedapuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global AIDS, NCHHSTP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global AIDS, NCHHSTP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benson","family":"Chilima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Health Sciences Unit, Malawi Ministry of Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John N.","family":"Nkengasong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global AIDS, NCHHSTP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199707000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10401"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004724"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350801302S04","volume":"13","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bennett, D. E., M. Myatt, S. Bertagnolio, D. Sutherland, and C. F. Gilks. 2008. Recommendations for surveillance of transmitted HIV drug resistance in countries scaling up antiretroviral treatment. Antivir. Ther. 13(Suppl. 2): 25-36.","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350701200114","volume":"12","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bertagnolio, S., L. Soto-Ramirez, R. Pilon, R. Rodriguez, M. Viveros, L. Fuentes, P. R. Harrigan, T. Mo, D. Sutherland, and P. Sandstrom. 2007. HIV-1 drug resistance surveillance using dried whole blood spots. Antivir. Ther. 12 : 107-113.","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.5.1888-1893.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn412"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761996000300019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(97)00079-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/323153"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200111010-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp150"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"1265","volume":"288","year":"1973","unstructured":"Garrick, M. D., P. Dembure, and R. Guthrie. 1973. Sickle-cell anemia and other hemoglobinopathies. Procedures and strategy for screening employing spots of blood on filter paper as specimens. N. Engl. J. Med. 288 : 1265-1268.","journal-title":"Procedures and strategy for screening employing spots of blood on filter paper as specimens. N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(81)80656-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"95","volume":"41","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hall, T. 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 96\/98\/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 41 : 95-98.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350901400513","volume":"14","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamers, R. L., P. W. Smit, W. Stevens, R. Schuurman, and T. F. Rinke de Wit. 2009. Dried fluid spots for HIV type-1 viral load and resistance genotyping: a systematic review. Antivir. Ther. 14 : 619-629.","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605502"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350801302S02","volume":"13","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kamoto, K., J. Aberle-Grasse, and Malawi HIV Drug Resistance Task Force. 2008. Surveillance of transmitted HIV drug resistance with the World Health Organization threshold survey method in Lilongwe, Malawi. Antivir. Ther. 13(Suppl. 2): 83-87.","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2007.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.9.5640-5649.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.4.1851-1857.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3281c618db"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"A117","volume":"13","year":"2008","unstructured":"McNulty, A., K. Diallo, J. Zhang, B. Titanji, S. Kassim, D. Bennett, J. Abert-Grasse, T. Kibuka, P. M. Ndumbe, J. N. Nkengasong, and C. Yang. 2008. Development and application of a broadly sensitive genotyping assay for surveillance of HIV-1 drug resistance in PEPFAR countries. Antivir. Ther. 13 : A117.","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02016-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02255-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2007.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000161768.98534.e7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"77","volume":"13","year":"2008","unstructured":"Somi, G. R., T. Kibuka, K. Diallo, T. Tuhuma, D. E. Bennett, C. Yang, C. Kagoma, E. F. Lyamuya, R. O. Swai, and S. Kassim. 2008. Surveillance of transmitted HIV drug resistance among women attending antenatal clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Antivir. Ther. 13(Suppl. 2): 77-82.","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613600802010017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4623-4627.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","unstructured":"Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings: treatment guidelines for a public health approach 2003 revision. 2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2009.0184"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.05.030"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.00564-10","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.00564-10","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T07:03:17Z","timestamp":1685689397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JCM.00564-10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JCM.00564-10"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.00564-10","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-03-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-07-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-09-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}