{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T23:57:43Z","timestamp":1789084663296,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H23-sinkou-ippan-016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H23-sinkou-ippan-016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H26-sinkoujitsuyouka-ippan-013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H26-sinkoujitsuyouka-ippan-013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Western blotting (WB) for human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is performed to confirm anti-HTLV-1 antibodies detected at the initial screening of blood donors and in pregnant women. However, the frequent occurrence of indeterminate results is a problem with this test. We therefore assessed the cause of indeterminate WB results by analyzing HTLV-1 provirus genomic sequences. A quantitative PCR assay measuring HTLV-1 provirus in WB-indeterminate samples revealed that the median proviral load was approximately 100-fold lower than that of WB-positive samples (0.01 versus 0.71 copy\/100 cells). Phylogenic analysis of the complete HTLV-1 genomes of WB-indeterminate samples did not identify any specific phylogenetic groups. When we analyzed the nucleotide changes in 19 HTLV-1 isolates from WB-indeterminate samples, we identified 135 single nucleotide substitutions, composed of four types, G to A (29%), C to T (19%), T to C (19%), and A to G (16%). In the most frequent G-to-A substitution, 64% occurred at GG dinucleotides, indicating that APOBEC3G is responsible for mutagenesis in WB-indeterminate samples. Moreover, interestingly, five WB-indeterminate isolates had nonsense mutations in Pol and\/or Tax, Env, p12, and p30. These findings suggest that WB-indeterminate carriers have low production of viral antigens because of a combination of a low proviral load and mutations in the provirus, which may interfere with host recognition of HTLV-1 antigens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00659-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,13]],"date-time":"2017-07-13T00:40:21Z","timestamp":1499906421000},"page":"2838-2849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Proviral Features of Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 in Carriers with Indeterminate Western Blot Analysis Results"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3064-5219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madoka","family":"Kuramitsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 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Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rieko","family":"Sobata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chieko","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriaki","family":"Kaneko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Testing, SRL Inc., Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruka","family":"Momose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 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