{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:02:43Z","timestamp":1791241363587,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are broad-spectrum antibiotics recommended for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients. FQ resistance, caused by mutations in the\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n            genes of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n            , is increasingly reported worldwide; however, information on mutations occurring in strains from the Indian subcontinent is scarce. Hence, in this study, we aimed to characterize mutations in the\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n            genes of acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear-positive sediments or of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates from AFB smear-negative samples from patients in India suspected of having MDR-TB. A total of 152 samples from patients suspected of having MDR-TB were included in the study. One hundred forty-six strains detected in these samples were characterized by sequencing of the\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n            genes. The extracted DNA was subjected to successive amplifications using a nested PCR protocol, followed by sequencing. A total of 27 mutations were observed in the\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            genes of 25 strains, while no mutations were observed in the\n            <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n            genes. The most common mutations occurred at amino acid position 94 (13\/27 [48.1%]); of these, the D94G mutation was the most prevalent. The\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            mutations were significantly associated with patients with rifampin (RIF)-resistant TB. Heterozygosity was seen in 4\/27 (14.8%) mutations, suggesting the occurrence of mixed populations with different antimicrobial susceptibilities. A high rate of FQ-resistant mutations (17.1%) was obtained among the isolates of TB patients suspected of having MDR-TB. These observations emphasize the need for accurate and rapid molecular tests for the detection of FQ-resistant mutations at the time of MDR-TB diagnosis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00670-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,24]],"date-time":"2016-06-24T05:34:34Z","timestamp":1466746474000},"page":"2298-2305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Sequence Analysis of Fluoroquinolone Resistance-Associated Genes\n            <i>gyrA<\/i>\n            and\n            <i>gyrB<\/i>\n            in Clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from Patients Suspected of Having Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in New Delhi, India"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Ritu","family":"Singhal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycobacteriology and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"National Reference Laboratory and Centre of Excellence (WHO), Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie L.","family":"Marola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycobacteriology and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Elaine","family":"Epperson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyoti","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory and Centre of Excellence (WHO), Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Sarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vithal Prasad","family":"Myneedu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory and Centre of Excellence (WHO), Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Strong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Salfinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycobacteriology and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"301","article-title":"Emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with extensive resistance to second-line drugs\u2014worldwide, 2000\u20132004","volume":"55","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2006","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2006. 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Guidelines on programmatic management of drug resistant TB (PMDT) in India. Central TB Division, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","volume-title":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","author":"Kent PT","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kent PT, Kubica GP. 1985. Public health mycobacteriology, a guide for the level III laboratory. 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Increased resistance to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin in multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients seen at a tertiary hospital in the Philippines. 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