{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:34:27Z","timestamp":1790742867636,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significant increases in rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (TV),\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (CT),\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (NG), and\n                      <jats:italic>Mycoplasma genitalium<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MG) are occurring in the United States. We present results of a U.S. study examining the intersection of STIs and vaginitis. Among 1,051 women with diagnoses for the presence or absence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and\/or symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), 195 (18.5%) had one or more STIs, including 101 (9.6%) with TV, 24 (2.3%) with CT, 9 (0.8%) with NG, and 93 (8.8%) with MG. STI prevalence in BV-positive women was 26.3% (136\/518), significantly higher than STI prevalence of 12.5% (59\/474) in BV-negative women (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0002). Unlike infections with CT or NG, solo infections of MG or TV were each significantly associated with a diagnosis of BV-positive\/VVC-negative (OR 3.0751; 95% CI 1.5797\u20135.9858,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0113, and OR 2.873; 95% CI 1.5687\u20135.2619,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0017, respectively) and with mixed infections containing MG and TV (OR 3.4886; 95% CI 1.8901\u20136.439,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0042, and OR 3.1858; 95% CI 1.809\u20135.6103,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0014, respectively). TV and MG infection rates were higher in all Nugent score (NS) categories than CT and NG infection rates; however, both STIs had similar comparative prevalence ratios to CT in NS 6\u201310 vs NS 0\u20135 (CT: 3.06% vs 1.4%, 2.2-fold; MG: 10.7% vs 6.1%, 1.8-fold; TV: 14.5% vs 7.0%, 2.1-fold). NG prevalence was relatively invariant by the NS category. These results highlight the complexity of associations of STIs with two major causes of vaginitis and underscore the importance of STI testing in women seeking care for abnormal vaginal discharge and inflammation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study reports high rates for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in women seeking care for symptoms of vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis, revealing highly complex associations of STIs with two of the major causes of vaginal dysbiosis. These results underscore the importance of STI testing in women seeking care for abnormal vaginal discharge and inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00816-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T09:00:56Z","timestamp":1723626056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Vaginitis and risk of sexually transmitted infections: results of a multi-center U.S. clinical study using STI nucleic acid amplification testing"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Jane R.","family":"Schwebke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Nyirjesy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Dsouza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hologic, Inc., San Diego, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3530-2837","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Damon","family":"Getman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hologic, Inc., San Diego, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022. Sexually transmitted infections surveillance. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/statistics\/2022\/default.htm. Retrieved 28 Mar 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. National health expenditure data. Available from: https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/data-research\/statistics-trends-and-reports\/national-health-expenditure-data\/historical. Retrieved 28 Mar 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pop.2017.0132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31823e2ff7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ312"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003604"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000972"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(12)90722-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","unstructured":"ACOG vaginitis frequently asked questions. Available from: https:\/\/www.acog.org\/womens-health\/faqs\/vaginitis. Retrieved 2424 JanJanuary 2024. Accessed 2424 JanJanuary 2024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7004a1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318074e565"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001355"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) statistics. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/bv\/stats.htm. Retrieved 24 Jan 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022. Incidence prevalence and cost of sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchhstp\/newsroom\/fact-sheets\/std\/STI-Incidence-Prevalence-Cost-Factsheet.html. Retrieved 24 Aug 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00748-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/367658"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.02.060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03831-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy504"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00165-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001537"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01643-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.2.297-301.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)91112-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2012-051001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-020-00926-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/656739"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181b01948"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001524"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00252-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa260"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199219020-00001"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jcm.00816-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jcm.00816-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T09:06:42Z","timestamp":1726045602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/jcm.00816-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Patricia J.","family":"Simner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/jcm.00816-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.00816-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00816-24"}}