{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T05:24:16Z","timestamp":1793165056969,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020365","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CDC-RFA-CI10-101204PPHF13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDC-RFA-CI10-101204PPHF13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020365","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"HHS | U.S. Food and Drug Administration","award":["1U01FD006253-01,1U19FD007114-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01FD006253-01,1U19FD007114-01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021-67034-35120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-67034-35120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Non-typhoidal\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a common cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, but current non-typhoidal\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      surveillance is suboptimal. Here, we evaluated the utility of wastewater monitoring to enhance traditional surveillance for this foodborne pathogen. In June 2022, we tested raw sewage collected twice a week from two treatment plants in central Pennsylvania for non-typhoidal\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      and characterized isolates using whole-genome sequencing. We recovered 43\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates from wastewater samples, differentiated by genomic analysis into seven serovars: 16 Panama (37.2%), 9 Senftenberg (20.9%), 8 Baildon (18.6%), and 3 or fewer of four other serovars. We assessed genetic relatedness and epidemiologic links between these wastewater isolates with those from patients with salmonellosis. All\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Baildon isolates from wastewater were genetically similar to those associated with a known contemporaneous salmonellosis outbreak.\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Baildon from wastewater and 42 outbreak-related isolates in the national outbreak detection database had the same core genome multilocus sequence typing, and outbreak code differed by zero or one single polynucleotide polymorphism. One of the 42 outbreak-related isolates was obtained from a patient residing in the wastewater sample collection catchment area, which serves approximately 17000 people.\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Baildon is a rare serovar (reported in &lt;1% cases nationally, over five years). Our study underscores the value of monitoring sewage from a defined population to supplement traditional surveillance methods for the evidence of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections and to determine the extent of outbreaks.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        During the COVID-19 pandemic, monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater was highly effective in identifying the variants of concern earlier than clinical surveillance methods. Here, we show that monitoring domestic sewage can also augment traditional reporting of foodborne illnesses to public health authorities. Our study detected multiple\n                        <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                        serovars in samples from two wastewater treatment plants in central Pennsylvania. Using whole-genome sequencing, we demonstrated that the isolates of variant\n                        <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                        . Baildon clustered with those from a foodborne salmonellosis outbreak that occurred in a similar time frame. Cases were primarily from Pennsylvania, and one individual lived within the wastewater treatment catchment area. This study highlights the effectiveness of domestic sewage testing as a proactive public health strategy to track and respond to infectious disease outbreaks.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00825-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T09:00:17Z","timestamp":1726736417000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Outbreak-associated\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    Baildon found in wastewater demonstrates how sewage monitoring can supplement traditional disease surveillance"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5631-184X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nkuchia M.","family":"M'ikanatha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Pennsylvania Department of Health, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoe S.","family":"Goldblum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Cesari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Pennsylvania Department of Health, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7610-7117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin M.","family":"Nawrocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0510-9190","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yezhi","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9465-4552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasna","family":"Kovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1298-1603","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Edward G.","family":"Dudley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"The E. coli Reference Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7226a1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","volume-title":"Reduce infections caused by Salmonella \u2014 FS\u201104","author":"Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Office of the Secretary, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","unstructured":"Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Office of the Secretary, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Reduce infections caused by Salmonella \u2014 FS\u201104"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.2.164"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2006.3.432"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ1221"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/588823"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00416-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0684-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2806.211821"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05049-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01415-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0703.010303"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","volume-title":"Title 28: health and safety. Chapter 27: communicable and non-communicable diseases","author":"Pennsylvania Code","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pennsylvania Code. 2023. Title 28: health and safety. Chapter 27: communicable and non-communicable diseases"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","volume-title":"Title 28: health and safety. Chapter 27: communicable and noncommunicable diseases. 33 Pa. B. 2439 (2003 addendum on electronic disease surveillance system). [Pa.B. Doc. No. 03-941. filed for public inspection May 16, 2003, 9:00 a.m]","author":"Pennsylvania Code","unstructured":"Pennsylvania Code. n.d. Title 28: health and safety. Chapter 27: communicable and noncommunicable diseases. 33 Pa. B. 2439 (2003 addendum on electronic disease surveillance system). [Pa.B. Doc. 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Food and Drug Administration. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/foodscienceresearch\/ laboratorymethods\/ucm070149.htm."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.2.977-978.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01746-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91456-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6906a1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2650"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-07405-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040023"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.02.20.24302949"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2004.01.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0706.010625"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00814-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2007.0025"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.03031.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.p11101"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303816"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq029"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00154-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2301042"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade2503"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jcm.00825-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jcm.00825-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T09:02:53Z","timestamp":1729069373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/jcm.00825-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Diekema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/jcm.00825-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.00825-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00825-24"}}