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Class 1 integrons were found in 21 isolates across four distinct bacterial genera. A large class 1 integron in a<jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>strain was fully sequenced and was 29,093 bp in length. This integron probably arose by homologous recombination since it was embedded in a hybrid Tn<jats:italic>21<\/jats:italic>-like transposon backbone which comprised a Tn<jats:italic>5036<\/jats:italic>-like<jats:italic>tnp<\/jats:italic>transposition module at the IRi integron end and a Tn<jats:italic>21 mer<\/jats:italic>module at the IRt integron end. The parent integron\/transposon that contributed the Tn<jats:italic>5036<\/jats:italic>module was not related to Tn<jats:italic>1696<\/jats:italic>since the integron insertion points in the transposon backbones were 16 bases apart. Examination of the other 20 class 1 integron-containing strains revealed further evidence of genetic exchange. This included a strain that possessed a Tn<jats:italic>5036<\/jats:italic>module at the IRt end but not at the IRi end and another that possessed a<jats:italic>tnp<\/jats:italic>module beyond IRi that was a hybrid of Tn<jats:italic>21<\/jats:italic>and Tn<jats:italic>5051<\/jats:italic>and that is presumed to have arisen by site-specific recombination. This study highlights the ability of different genetic elements to act cooperatively to spread and rearrange antibiotic resistance in a community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00835-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,28]],"date-time":"2008-08-28T00:54:47Z","timestamp":1219884887000},"page":"3417-3425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Urinary Tract Infections in a South American Population: Dynamic Spread of Class 1 Integrons and Multidrug Resistance by Homologous and Site-Specific Recombination"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Ma\u0301rquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ca\u0301tedra de Microbiologi\u0301a, Instituto de Qui\u0301mica Biolo\u0301gica, Facultad de Ciencias\u2014UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay"},{"name":"Ca\u0301tedra de Microbiologi\u0301a, Facultad de Qui\u0301mica\u2014UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Labbate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Raymondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ca\u0301tedra de Microbiologi\u0301a, Facultad de Qui\u0301mica\u2014UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimena","family":"Ferna\u0301ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ca\u0301tedra de Microbiologi\u0301a, Facultad de Qui\u0301mica\u2014UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia M.","family":"Gestal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marita","family":"Holley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graciela","family":"Borthagaray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ca\u0301tedra de Microbiologi\u0301a, Facultad de Qui\u0301mica\u2014UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. 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