{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:58:34Z","timestamp":1790935114465,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]],"date-time":"2014-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Alternative diagnostic methods, such as sequence-based techniques, are necessary for increasing the proportion of tuberculosis cases tested for drug resistance. Despite the abundance of data on drug resistance, isolates can display phenotypic resistance but lack any distinguishable markers. Furthermore, because resistance-conferring mutations develop under antibiotic pressure, different drug regimens could favor unique single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in different geographical regions. A total of 407 isolates were collected from four geographical regions with a high prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (India, Moldova, the Philippines, and South Africa). The \u201chot spot\u201d or promoter sequences of nine genes (\n            <jats:italic>rpoB<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>katG<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>inhA<\/jats:italic>\n            promoter,\n            <jats:italic>ahpC<\/jats:italic>\n            promoter,\n            <jats:italic>eis<\/jats:italic>\n            promoter,\n            <jats:italic>rrs<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>tlyA<\/jats:italic>\n            ) associated with resistance to four types of antibiotics (rifampin, isoniazid, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides) were analyzed for markers. Four genes contributed largely to resistance (\n            <jats:italic>rpoB<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>rrs<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>katG<\/jats:italic>\n            ), two genes contributed moderately to resistance (the\n            <jats:italic>eis<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>inhA<\/jats:italic>\n            promoters), and three genes contributed little or no resistance (\n            <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>tlyA<\/jats:italic>\n            , and the\n            <jats:italic>ahpC<\/jats:italic>\n            promoter) in clinical isolates. Several geographical differences were found, including a double mutation in\n            <jats:italic>rpoB<\/jats:italic>\n            found in 37.1% of isolates from South Africa, the C\u2192T mutation at position \u221212 of the\n            <jats:italic>eis<\/jats:italic>\n            promoter found exclusively in 60.6% of isolates from Moldova, and the G\u2192A mutation at position \u221246 of the\n            <jats:italic>ahpC<\/jats:italic>\n            promoter found only in India. These differences in polymorphism frequencies emphasize the uniqueness of isolates found in different geographical regions. The inclusion of several genes provided a moderate increase in sensitivity, and elimination of the examination of other genes might increase efficiency.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00857-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,20]],"date-time":"2013-06-20T00:32:17Z","timestamp":1371688337000},"page":"1322-1329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Geographical Differences Associated with Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in Nine Gene Targets among Resistant Clinical Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Matt","family":"Hoshide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lishi","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hinduja Hospital, Mumbai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommie","family":"Victor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"II","given":"Henry B.","family":"Evasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Disease Foundation, Inc., Makati City, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thelma","family":"Tupasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Disease Foundation, Inc., Makati City, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeriu","family":"Crudu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Policies and Studies, Chisinau, Moldova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James T.","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Guidelines for drug susceptibility testing for second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs for DOTS-plus","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2001. Guidelines for drug susceptibility testing for second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs for DOTS-plus. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/hq\/2001\/WHO_CDS_TB_2001.288.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","volume-title":"Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: update 2011","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2011. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: update 2011. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. http:\/\/www.stoptb.org\/wg\/mdrtb\/assets\/documents\/MDR_tuberculosis_2011update.pptx."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200709-1436OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001064"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"S4","article-title":"Molecular determinants of drug resistance in tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"Riska PF","year":"2000","unstructured":"RiskaPFJacobsWRJrAllandD. 2000. Molecular determinants of drug resistance in tuberculosis. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 4(Suppl 1):S4\u2013S10.","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90417-F"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/tuld.1998.0002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.2.571-577.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907925106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","volume-title":"Treatment of tuberculosis guidelines","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2010. Treatment of tuberculosis guidelines, 4th ed. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/publications\/2010\/9789241547833_eng.pdf.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00964-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00661-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00515-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.4.1053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.18.9869"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"176","article-title":"jefA (Rv2459), a drug efflux gene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis confers resistance to isoniazid & ethambutol","volume":"132","author":"Gupta AK","year":"2010","unstructured":"GuptaAKReddyVPLavaniaMChauhanDSVenkatesanKSharmaVDTyagiAKKatochVM. 2010. jefA (Rv2459), a drug efflux gene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis confers resistance to isoniazid & ethambutol. Indian J. Med. Res. 132:176\u2013188.","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201011-1924OC"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02478-13","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,16]],"date-time":"2013-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1381881600000}}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.00857-13","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.00857-13","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T06:57:16Z","timestamp":1646463436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JCM.00857-13"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"G. A.","family":"Land","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JCM.00857-13"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.00857-13","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1128\/JCM.02478-13","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-03-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-06-13","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-04-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}