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To investigate the evolution of antibiotic resistance patterns before and after preventative peri- and postoperative penicillin treatment, staphylococci were isolated from skin and wound samples at different times during hospitalization. Most staphylococci were normal skin commensals and belonged to the common coagulase-negative group. In some cases they turned out to be opportunistic pathogens present in wound infections. MICs were determined for 12 antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance genes were detected by microarray. At hospital admission, horses harbored staphylococci that were susceptible to antibiotics or resistant to one group of drugs, mainly due to the presence of new variants of the methicillin and macrolide resistance genes<jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>mph<\/jats:italic>(C), respectively. After 3 days, the percentage of<jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>isolates displaying antibiotic resistance, as well as the number of resistance genes per isolate, increased moderately in hospitalized horses without surgery or penicillin treatment but dramatically in hospitalized horses after colic surgery as well as penicillin treatment.<jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>species displaying multiple resistance were found to harbor mainly genes conferring resistance to \u03b2-lactams (<jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>blaZ<\/jats:italic>), aminoglycosides [<jats:italic>str<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>aac(6<\/jats:italic>\u2032<jats:italic>)-Ie-aph(2<\/jats:italic>\u2032<jats:italic>)-Ia<\/jats:italic>], and trimethoprim [<jats:italic>dfr<\/jats:italic>(A) and<jats:italic>dfr<\/jats:italic>(D)]. Additional genes conferring resistance to macrolides [<jats:italic>mph<\/jats:italic>(C),<jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>(C), and<jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>(B)], tetracycline [<jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(K) and<jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(M)], chloramphenicol [<jats:italic>cat<\/jats:italic>(pC221) and<jats:italic>cat<\/jats:italic>(pC223)], and streptothricin (<jats:italic>sat4<\/jats:italic>) appeared in several strains. Hospitalization and preventive penicillin use were shown to act as selection agents for multidrug-resistant commensal staphylococcal flora.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00868-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,6]],"date-time":"2006-12-06T18:54:05Z","timestamp":1165431245000},"page":"4444-4454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":160,"title":["Presence of New<i>mecA<\/i>and<i>mph<\/i>(C) Variants Conferring Antibiotic Resistance in<i>Staphylococcus<\/i>spp. Isolated from the Skin of Horses before and after Clinic Admission"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Schnellmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinzenz","family":"Gerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Rossano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentine","family":"Jaquier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann","family":"Panchaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus G.","family":"Doherr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Thomann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reto","family":"Straub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Perreten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.4.924"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.050241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-2920.1999.00004.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"539","volume":"344","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cefai, C., S. 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