{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T15:12:34Z","timestamp":1767971554491,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,23]],"date-time":"2016-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009969","name":"Society for Applied Microbiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009969","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Histoplasma capsulatum<\/jats:named-content>\n            var.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">farciminosum<\/jats:named-content>\n            , the causative agent of epizootic lymphangitis (EZL), is endemic in parts of Africa. Diagnosis based on clinical signs and microscopy lacks specificity and is a barrier to further understanding this neglected disease. Here, a nested PCR method targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA operon was validated for application to equine clinical samples. Twenty-nine horses with signs of EZL from different climatic regions of Ethiopia were clinically examined. Blood samples and aspirates of pus from cutaneous nodules were taken, along with blood from a further 20 horses with no cutaneous EZL lesions. Among the 29 horses with suspected cases of EZL,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. capsulatum<\/jats:named-content>\n            var.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">farciminosum<\/jats:named-content>\n            was confirmed by extraction of DNA from pus and blood samples from 25 and 17 horses, respectively. Positive PCR results were also obtained with heat-inactivated pus (24 horses) and blood (23 horses) spotted onto Whatman FTA cards. Two positive results were obtained among blood samples from 20 horses that did not exhibit clinical signs of EZL. These are the first reports of the direct detection of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. capsulatum<\/jats:named-content>\n            var.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">farciminosum<\/jats:named-content>\n            in equine blood and at high frequency among horses exhibiting cutaneous lesions. The nested PCR outperformed conventional microscopic diagnosis, as characteristic yeast cells could be observed only in 14 pus samples. The presence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. capsulatum<\/jats:named-content>\n            var.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">farciminosum<\/jats:named-content>\n            DNA was confirmed by sequencing the cloned PCR products, and while alignment of the ITS amplicons showed very little sequence variation, there was preliminary single nucleotide polymorphism-based evidence for the existence of two subgroups of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. capsulatum<\/jats:named-content>\n            var.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">farciminosum<\/jats:named-content>\n            . This molecular diagnostic method now permits investigation of the epidemiology of EZL.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00896-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,6]],"date-time":"2016-10-06T02:59:05Z","timestamp":1475722745000},"page":"2990-2999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Development and Evaluation of a Molecular Diagnostic Method for Rapid Detection of Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum, the Causative Agent of Epizootic Lymphangitis, in Equine Clinical Samples"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"C. E.","family":"Scantlebury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. L.","family":"Pinchbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Loughnane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Aklilu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SPANA Ethiopia, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Ashine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SPANA Ethiopia, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. P.","family":"Stringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SPANA UK, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. M.","family":"Christley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, United Kingdom"},{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"119","article-title":"Histoplasmosis in HIV infected patients: a review of new developments and remaining gaps","volume":"1","author":"Adenis AA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adenis AA, Aznar C, Couppie P. 2014. Histoplasmosis in HIV infected patients: a review of new developments and remaining gaps. Curr Trop Med Rep 1:119\u2013128.","journal-title":"Curr Trop Med Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.18.3.1186"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of the horse","author":"Scantlebury C","year":"2009","unstructured":"Scantlebury C, Reed K. 2009. Epizootic lymphangitis. In Mair TS, Hutchinson R (ed), Infectious diseases of the horse. EVJ Ltd, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"111","article-title":"Studies on epizootic lymphangitis. II. Pathogenesis and histopathology of equine histoplasmosis","volume":"35","author":"Singh T","year":"1963","unstructured":"Singh T. 1963. Studies on epizootic lymphangitis. II. Pathogenesis and histopathology of equine histoplasmosis. 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Clinical trial of Iodides combined with ancillary treatment on epizootic lymphangitis in cart-horses at Debre Zeit and Akaki towns. DVM thesis. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"103","article-title":"A review of epizootic lymphangitis and ulcerative lymphangitis in Nigeria: misnomer or misdiagnosis?","volume":"28","author":"Addo PB","year":"1980","unstructured":"Addo PB. 1980. A review of epizootic lymphangitis and ulcerative lymphangitis in Nigeria: misnomer or misdiagnosis? Bull Anim Health Prod Afr 28:103\u2013107.","journal-title":"Bull Anim Health Prod Afr"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","volume-title":"Equine infectious diseases","author":"Kettle ANB","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kettle ANB, Nicoletti PL. 2014. Glanders. In Sellon D, Long M (ed), Equine infectious diseases, 2nd ed. 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