{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:04:06Z","timestamp":1791187446028,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]],"date-time":"2007-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1193875200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n            serotype Typhi clinical isolates (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 91) resistant to nalidixic acid (Nal\n            <jats:sup>r<\/jats:sup>\n            ) were collected from sporadic cases and minor outbreaks throughout Vietnam between 1996 and 2004. These isolates were typed and compared by four methods: Vi phage typing, PstI ribotyping, XbaI and SpeI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. The results indicated that 65% of the isolates were not typeable by Vi phage typing. In contrast, the ribotyping and, with more accuracy, the SNP analysis methods indicated that all Nal\n            <jats:sup>r<\/jats:sup>\n            isolates belonged to a single clone (ribotype 3a, haplotype H58) that was found previously and that largely consisted of plasmid-encoded multidrug-resistant serotype Typhi isolates. PFGE demonstrated the occurrence of microevolution within this clone. We identified two major combined PFGE profiles: X1-S1 and X3-S6. X3-S6 predominated between 1996 and 2002 but was replaced by X1-S1 after 2002. Nevertheless, PFGE, with a Simpson's index of 0.78, was not considered an optimal discriminatory method for investigating typhoid fever outbreaks in Vietnam. The rate of quinolone resistance increased and the rate of multidrug resistance decreased during the study period. From 2002 to 2004, 80.6% of the isolates from South Vietnam were resistant only to Nal. The mechanism of Nal resistance in most of the isolates (94%) was a mutation in the quinolone resistance-determining chromosomal region of\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            that led to the amino acid substitution Ser83Phe. No plasmid-located\n            <jats:italic>qnrA<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>qnrB<\/jats:italic>\n            , or\n            <jats:italic>qnrS<\/jats:italic>\n            was detected.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00948-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,30]],"date-time":"2007-08-30T01:14:33Z","timestamp":1188436473000},"page":"3485-3492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Clonal Expansion and Microevolution of Quinolone-Resistant\n            <i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>\n            Serotype Typhi in Vietnam from 1996 to 2004"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Thi Anh Hong","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de Re\u0301fe\u0301rence des Salmonella, Centre Collaborateur de Re\u0301fe\u0301rence et de Recherche pour les Salmonella, Unite\u0301 de Biodiversite\u0301 des Bacte\u0301ries Pathoge\u0300nes E\u0301mergentes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire d'E\u0301pide\u0301miologie de la Re\u0301sistance Bacte\u0301rienne, Institut National d'Hygie\u0300ne et d'E\u0301pide\u0301miologie, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lae\u0308titia","family":"Fabre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de Re\u0301fe\u0301rence des Salmonella, Centre Collaborateur de Re\u0301fe\u0301rence et de Recherche pour les Salmonella, Unite\u0301 de Biodiversite\u0301 des Bacte\u0301ries Pathoge\u0300nes E\u0301mergentes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Roumagnac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck Institut fu\u0308r Infektionsbiologie, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick A. 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