{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T18:24:11Z","timestamp":1781807051442,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]],"date-time":"2012-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common opportunistic infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and the emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is a growing problem in resource-limited settings. Adequate infrastructure for testing drug sensitivity and sufficient evidence of first-line resistance are currently unavailable in Nigeria. We collected sputum samples from HIV-infected patients enrolled in the Harvard PEPFAR\/APIN Plus program over 12 months at two PEPFAR antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinics in the southwest and north central regions in Nigeria. Smear-positive sputum samples were submitted for GenoType MTBDRplus testing (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 415); mutations were confirmed through sequencing. Our results show high rates of DR-TB in Nigerian HIV-infected individuals (7.0% for rifampin [RIF] and 9.3% for RIF or isoniazid [INH]). Total RIF resistance indicative of MDR-TB in treatment-naive patients was 5.52%, far exceeding the World Health Organization predictions (0 to 4.3%). RIF resistance was found in 6\/213 (2.8%) cases, INH resistance was found in 3\/215 (1.4%) cases, and MDR-TB was found in 8\/223 (3.6%) cases. We found significantly different amounts of DR-TB by location (18.18% in the south of the country versus 3.91% in the north central region [\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.01]). Furthermore, RIF resistance was genetically distinct, suggesting possible location-specific strains are responsible for the transmission of drug resistance (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.04). Finally, GenoType MTBDRplus correctly identified the drug-resistant samples compared to sequencing in 96.8% of cases. We found that total DR-TB in HIV-infection is high and that transmission of drug-resistant TB in HIV-infected patients in Nigeria is higher than predicted.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00982-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,28]],"date-time":"2012-06-28T04:32:19Z","timestamp":1340857939000},"page":"2905-2909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Genetic Determinants of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis among HIV-Infected Patients in Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Lana","family":"Dinic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard School of Public Health, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Akande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Ltd., Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Oni","family":"Idigbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agatha","family":"Ani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Onwujekwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oche","family":"Agbaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxwell","family":"Akanbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Nwosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bukola","family":"Adeniyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Wahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chindak","family":"Lekuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chioma","family":"Kunle-Ope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nkiru","family":"Nwokoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phyllis","family":"Kanki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard School of Public Health, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2006.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-123"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.4.1455-1464.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"1456","article-title":"Evaluation of new GenoType MTBDRplus for detection of resistance in cultures and direct specimens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Causse M","year":"2008","unstructured":"CausseM RuizP GutierrezJB ZeroloJ CasalM. 2008. 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