{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T06:30:54Z","timestamp":1792737054679,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]],"date-time":"2009-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Scrub typhus, caused by the intracellular bacterium<jats:italic>Orientia tsutsugamushi<\/jats:italic>, is a major cause of febrile illness in the Asia\/Pacific region. Here, we implemented a novel real-time PCR and determined the relation of DNA target gene concentration with serum cytokine levels. The limit of detection of the novel real-time PCR was 1,062 DNA copies per ml of EDTA whole blood. Specificity was excellent as determined on a panel of blood- and skin-borne bacteria, including<jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>spp. as well as healthy Vietnamese blood donors. Bacterial DNA concentrations after 9 to 12 days from symptoms onset were significantly higher than in earlier or later periods (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05). Significantly higher concentrations of gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) occurred during the acute phase of disease (&lt;10 days from onset) as opposed to the convalescent phase (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the acute and the convalescent phases for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and IL-1\u03b2 concentrations. Regression analysis of DNA concentrations and cytokine levels identified a significant positive relationship for IL-10 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.0182) but not for IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-1\u03b2. In conclusion, proinflammatory cytokines and IL-10 were differentially related to human bacteremia. They may thus be induced by different constituents of<jats:italic>O. tsutsugamushi<\/jats:italic>. As a future prospect in a clinical diagnostic laboratory, quantitative real-time PCR may serve as a reliable tool to monitor therapy and to detect treatment failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00997-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,15]],"date-time":"2009-01-15T03:42:00Z","timestamp":1231990920000},"page":"586-589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["<i>Orientia tsutsugamushi<\/i>Bacteremia and Cytokine Levels in Vietnamese Scrub Typhus Patients"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Kramme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Van An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hue Medical College, Hue, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Dinh","family":"Khoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hue Medical College, Hue, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Van Trin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hue Medical College, Hue, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egbert","family":"Tannich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Rybniker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Fleischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Drosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Panning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1982.31.532"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.8.5039-5047.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2000.40060718.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.351"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2003.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-003-0188-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2003.026781"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.6.2528","volume":"157","year":"1996","unstructured":"Park, D. R., and S. J. Skerrett. 1996. IL-10 enhances the growth of Legionella pneumophila in human mononuclear phagocytes and reverses the protective effect of IFN-gamma: differential responses of blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages. J. Immunol. 157:2528-2538.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(97)01020-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"794","volume":"26","year":"1997","unstructured":"Silpapojakul, K. 1997. Scrub typhus in the Western Pacific region. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore 26:794-800.","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. 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