{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T13:11:31Z","timestamp":1793020291284,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              Human strongyloidiasis is often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed, which can relate to a lack of knowledge or recognition of the importance of particular developmental\/larval stages of\n              <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n              in making an accurate diagnosis using parasitological methods (a morphological approach or morphological features\/characters). Here, we report the identification of\n              <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n              autoinfective fourth-stage larvae (L4a) in naturally infected humans, encountered in two clinical cases in Australia. These larvae were identified in sputum (Case 1) and bronchoalveolar lavage (Case 2) specimens by direct wet-mount microscopy. The L4a of\n              <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n              can be morphologically differentiated from autoinfective third-stage larvae by its conical and pointed tail and a relatively mature genital primordium with an enlarged genital rudiment and the formation of a vulva within cuticle layers. This study emphasizes the need to consider these morphological features of the L4a stage for an accurate diagnosis of\n              <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n              infection. A detailed morphological description of this stage is given to guide laboratory practitioners and researchers in the identification and differentiation of this unique but neglected life-cycle stage of\n              <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n              .\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01021-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T14:00:32Z","timestamp":1733407232000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The fourth-stage autoinfective larva of\n            <i>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/i>\n            : redescription and diagnostic implications"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9753-939X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University","place":["Townsville, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8330-6416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anson V.","family":"Koehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne","place":["Parkville, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Truarn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PathWest Laboratory Medicine","place":["Nedlands, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Bradford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PathWest Laboratory Medicine","place":["Nedlands, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"New","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PathWest Laboratory Medicine","place":["Nedlands, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick","family":"Speare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University","place":["Townsville, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin B.","family":"Gasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne","place":["Parkville, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4891-2925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harsha","family":"Sheorey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, St. Vincents Hospital","place":["Fitzroy, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5524-506X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard S.","family":"Bradbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University","place":["Townsville, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04953-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3020053"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0448"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00033-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.88"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1249"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3276396"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","unstructured":"Speare R. 1986. Studies on the taxonomy of Strongyloides (Nematoda; Strongyloididae) James Cook University of North Queensland"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117940"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0579-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","first-page":"26","volume-title":"Archiv f\u00fcr Schiffs- und Tropen-Hygiene","author":"F\u00fclleborn F","year":"1914","unstructured":"F\u00fclleborn F. 1914. Untersuchungen \u00fcber den infektionsweg bei Strongyloides und Ankylostomum und die biologie dieser parasiten, p 26\u201380. In Archiv f\u00fcr Schiffs- und Tropen-Hygiene. Vol. 18."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90190-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(84)90103-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1996.11813056"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","first-page":"546","article-title":"Brain stem glioma complicated by Strongyloides stercoralis","volume":"11","author":"McLarnon M","year":"1981","unstructured":"McLarnon M, Ma P. 1981. Brain stem glioma complicated by Strongyloides stercoralis. Ann Clin Lab Sci 11:546\u2013549.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2022.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2005.43.2.51"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3276397"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1993.48.716"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0065-308x(08)60036-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013716"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-7519(03)00130-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","unstructured":"Jitsamai W. 2019. Prevalence of enteric helminths and protozoa and identification of hookworm threadworm and Giardia spp. in cats in Bangkok and vicinity ThailandChulalongkorn University"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00986-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007609"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jcm.01021-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/jcm.01021-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T14:02:12Z","timestamp":1738332132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/jcm.01021-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Bobbi S.","family":"Pritt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/jcm.01021-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.01021-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01021-24"}}