{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T05:25:31Z","timestamp":1782019531621,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Actinomycosis is a chronic infection caused by\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Actinomyces<\/jats:named-content>\n            species characterized by abscess formation, tissue fibrosis, and draining sinuses. The spectrum of infections caused by\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Actinomyces<\/jats:named-content>\n            species ranges from classical invasive actinomycosis to a less invasive form of superficial skin and soft tissue infection. We present a review detailing all\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Actinomyces<\/jats:named-content>\n            species isolated from breast infections in NHS Lothian between 2005 and 2013,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Actinomyces<\/jats:named-content>\n            species isolated from breast infections referred to the United Kingdom Anaerobe Reference Unit between 1988 and 2014, and cases describing\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Actinomyces<\/jats:named-content>\n            breast infections published in the medical literature since 1994.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Actinomyces<\/jats:named-content>\n            species are fastidious organisms which can be difficult to identify and are likely to be underascertained as a cause of breast infections. Due to improved diagnostic methods, they are increasingly associated with chronic, recurrent breast infections and may play a more significant role in these infections than has previously been appreciated.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01030-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,30]],"date-time":"2015-07-30T03:14:20Z","timestamp":1438226060000},"page":"3247-3255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Actinomyces Species Isolated from Breast Infections"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"A. U.","family":"Bing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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