{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:20:24Z","timestamp":1792653624628,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]],"date-time":"2010-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1288569600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Members of the genus<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>are among the most common infectious agents causing tick-borne disease in humans worldwide. Here, we developed a Light Upon eXtension (LUX) real-time PCR assay that can detect and quantify<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>species in ticks that have fed on humans, and we applied the assay to 399 such ticks.<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>PCR-positive ticks were identified to species level by sequencing the products of conventional PCR performed using<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>group-specific primers. There was a 19% prevalence of<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>spp. in the detached ticks, and the number of spirochetes per<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>PCR-positive tick ranged from 2.0 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>to 4.9 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>, with a median of 7.8 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>spirochetes. Adult ticks had a significantly larger number of spirochetes, with a median of 8.4 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>compared to the median of nymphs of 4.4 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>. Adult ticks also exhibited a higher prevalence of<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>(33%) than nymphs (14%). Among the identified species,<jats:italic>Borrelia afzelii<\/jats:italic>was found to predominate (61%) and was followed by<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>garinii<\/jats:italic>(23%),<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>valaisiana<\/jats:italic>(13%),<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>sensu stricto (1%),<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>lusitaniae<\/jats:italic>(1%), and<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>miyamotoi<\/jats:italic>-like (1%). Also, 3% of the ticks were coinfected with multiple strains of<jats:italic>B. afzelii<\/jats:italic>. Notably, this is the first report of<jats:italic>B. lusitaniae<\/jats:italic>being detected in ticks in Sweden. Our LUX real-time PCR assay proved to be more sensitive than a corresponding TaqMan assay. In conclusion, the novel LUX real-time PCR method is a rapid and sensitive tool for detection and quantification of<jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>spp. in ticks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01061-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,16]],"date-time":"2010-09-16T02:28:03Z","timestamp":1284604083000},"page":"4169-4176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Prevalence and Diversity of<i>Borrelia<\/i>Species in Ticks That Have Bitten Humans in Sweden"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Wilhelmsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linko\u0308ping University, Linko\u0308ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Fryland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linko\u0308ping University, Linko\u0308ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Bo\u0308rjesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linko\u0308ping University, Linko\u0308ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Nordgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linko\u0308ping University, Linko\u0308ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Bergstro\u0308m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Umea\u030a University, Umea\u030a, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Ernerudh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linko\u0308ping University, Linko\u0308ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Forsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linko\u0308ping University, Linko\u0308ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per-Eric","family":"Lindgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linko\u0308ping University, Linko\u0308ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Ryhov County Hospital, Jo\u0308nko\u0308ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555564506512","volume":"64","year":"1984","unstructured":"Asbrink, E., A. 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