{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:24:00Z","timestamp":1791239040051,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]],"date-time":"2009-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257033600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/jats:italic>are closely related pathogenic fungi.<jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>is ecologically widespread and affects primarily immunocompromised patients, while<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>is traditionally found in tropical climates and has been reported to cause disease in immunocompetent patients.<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-Canavanine glycine bromothymol blue (CGB) agar can be used to differentiate<jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>, but there are few reports of its performance in routine clinical practice. Growth of<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>on CGB agar produces a blue color, indicating the assimilation of glycine, while<jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>fails to cause a color change. Using reference and clinical strains, we evaluated the ability of CGB agar and D2 large ribosomal subunit DNA sequencing (D2 LSU) to differentiate<jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>C. gattii.<\/jats:italic>One hundred two yeast isolates were screened for urease activity, melanin production, and glycine assimilation on CGB agar as well as by D2 sequencing. Seventeen of 17 (100%)<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>isolates were CGB positive, and 54 of 54<jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>isolates were CGB negative. Several yeast isolates other than the<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>isolates were CGB agar positive, indicating that CGB agar cannot be used alone for identification of<jats:italic>C. gattii.<\/jats:italic>D2 correctly identified and differentiated all<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>isolates. This study demonstrates that the use of CGB agar, in conjunction with urea hydrolysis and Niger seed agar, or D2 LSU sequencing can be reliably used in the clinical laboratory to distinguish<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>from<jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>. We describe how CGB agar and D2 sequencing have been incorporated into the yeast identification algorithm in our laboratory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01072-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T02:09:13Z","timestamp":1254362953000},"page":"3669-3672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Identification of<i>Cryptococcus gattii<\/i>by Use of<scp>l<\/scp>-Canavanine Glycine Bromothymol Blue Medium and DNA Sequencing"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"K. R.","family":"Klein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. M.","family":"Deml","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Rysavy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. L.","family":"Wohlfiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. L.","family":"Wengenack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00223-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597306"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.1.77-84.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.7.3548-3550.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.11.5099-5102.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200700903","volume":"29","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kaocharoen, S., B. Wang, K. M. Tsui, L. Trilles, F. Kong, and W. Meyer. 2008. Hyperbranched rolling circle amplification as a rapid and sensitive method for species identification within the Cryptococcus species complex. Electrophoresis29:3183-3191.","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1356(03)00176-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1301.060823"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","unstructured":"Medical mycology 1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.15.3.535-537.1982"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780701824429"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1301.060827"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","first-page":"471","volume":"261","year":"1986","unstructured":"Min, K. H., and K. J. Kwon-Chung. 1986. The biochemical basis for the distinction between the two Cryptococcus neoformans varieties with CGB medium. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. A261:471-480.","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. A"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/507897"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"Mycology critique Mycology Proficiency Testing Program 2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219680000631"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","first-page":"1","volume":"20","year":"2009","unstructured":"Olivares, L. R., K. M. Martinez, R. M. Cruz, M. A. Rivera, W. Meyer, R. A. Espinosa, R. L. Martinez, and G. M. Santos. 2009. Genotyping of Mexican Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii isolates by PCR-fingerprinting. Med. Mycol.20:1-9. [Epub ahead of print.]","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinmicnews.2009.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1130-1406(08)70057-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.10.4815-4817.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.10.3638-3648.2001"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.01072-09","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.01072-09","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]],"date-time":"2024-03-16T21:39:29Z","timestamp":1710625169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JCM.01072-09"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JCM.01072-09"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.01072-09","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2009-06-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-09-21","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-11-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}