{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T11:40:02Z","timestamp":1777290002738,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Competitive Research Funding of the Tampere University Hospital"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008723","name":"Finnish Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008723","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006306","name":"Sigrid Jus\u00e9liuksen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006306","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            According to studies based on bacterial cultures of middle ear fluids,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Moraxella catarrhalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            have been the most common pathogens in acute otitis media. However, bacterial culture can be affected by reduced viability or suboptimal growth of bacteria. PCR detects bacterial DNA from samples with greater sensitivity than culture. In the present study, we analyzed the middle ear pathogens with both conventional culture and semiquantitative real-time PCR in 90 middle ear fluid samples obtained from children aged 5 to 42 months during acute otitis media episodes. Samples were tested for the presence of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. influenzae<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. catarrhalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Alloiococcus<\/jats:named-content>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">otitidis<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            . One or more bacterial pathogens were detected in 42 (47%) samples with culture and in 69 (77%) samples with PCR. According to PCR analysis,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. catarrhalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            results were positive in 42 (47%) samples,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. influenzae<\/jats:named-content>\n            in 30 (33%),\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            in 27 (30%),\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. otitidis<\/jats:named-content>\n            in 6 (6.7%),\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            in 5 (5.6%), and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n            in 1 (1.1%). Multibacterial etiology was seen in 34 (38%) samples, and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. catarrhalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            was detected in most (85%) of those cases. Fifteen signals for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. catarrhalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            were strong, suggesting a highly probable etiological role of the pathogen. In conclusion, even though\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. catarrhalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            is often a part of mixed flora in acute otitis media, a considerable proportion of cases may be primarily attributable to this pathogen.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01146-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,14]],"date-time":"2016-07-14T06:43:21Z","timestamp":1468478601000},"page":"2373-2379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Moraxella catarrhalis Might Be More Common than Expected in Acute Otitis Media in Young Finnish Children"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Saara","family":"Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Oikarinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markku","family":"Sipil\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lenka","family":"Kramna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Rautiainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heini","family":"Huhtala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janne","family":"Aittoniemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jussi","family":"Laranne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heikki","family":"Hy\u00f6ty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ondrej","family":"Cinek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.3.589"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199901283400402"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200107000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.11.2667-2670.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199503000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Treatment failure in otitis media: an analysis","volume":"6","author":"Cohen R","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cohen R, de la Rocque F, Boucherat M, Doit C, Bingen E, Geslin P. 1994. 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