{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:19:17Z","timestamp":1761059957456},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Outbreaks of bloody diarrhea in swine herds in the late 2000s signaled the reemergence of an economically significant disease, swine dysentery, in the United States. Investigations confirmed the emergence of a novel spirochete in swine, provisionally designated \u201c\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Brachyspira hampsonii<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\u201d with two genetically distinct clades. Although it has since been detected in swine and migratory birds in Europe and North America, little is known about its genetic diversity or its relationships with other\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Brachyspira<\/jats:named-content>\n            species. This study characterizes\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. hampsonii<\/jats:named-content>\n            using a newly developed multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach and elucidates the diversity, distribution, population structure, and genetic relationships of this pathogen from diverse epidemiological sources globally. Genetic characterization of 81\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. hampsonii<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates, originating from six countries, with our newly established MLST scheme identified a total of 20 sequence types (STs) belonging to three clonal complexes (CCs).\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. hampsonii<\/jats:named-content>\n            showed a heterogeneous population structure with evidence of microevolution locally in swine production systems, while its clustering patterns showed associations with its epidemiological origins (country, swine production system, and host species). The close genetic relatedness of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. hampsonii<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates from different countries and host species highlights the importance of strict biosecurity control measures. A comparative analysis of 430 isolates representing seven\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Brachyspira<\/jats:named-content>\n            species (pathogens and commensals) from 19 countries and 10 host species depicted clustering by microbial species. It revealed the close genetic relatedness of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. hampsonii<\/jats:named-content>\n            with commensal\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Brachyspira<\/jats:named-content>\n            species and also provided support for the two clades of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. hampsonii<\/jats:named-content>\n            to be considered a single species.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01236-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,2]],"date-time":"2015-07-02T03:40:15Z","timestamp":1435808415000},"page":"2908-2918","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Molecular Epidemiology of Novel Pathogen \u201cBrachyspira hampsonii\u201d Reveals Relationships between Diverse Genetic Groups, Regions, Host Species, and Other Pathogenic and Commensal Brachyspira Species"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Nandita S.","family":"Mirajkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aschalew Z.","family":"Bekele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA"},{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yogesh Y.","family":"Chander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA"},{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Connie J.","family":"Gebhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA"},{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638712456975"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"680","volume-title":"Diseases of swine","author":"Hampson DJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hampson DJ. 2012. 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