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Efficient control of infections, especially during epidemics, necessitates the fastest and most resolutive identification possible of the bacterial source for subsequent disinfection of reservoirs. We thus compared recognized typing approaches for<jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>with a method based on characterization of insertion sequence (IS) content. A total of 86 clinical or environmental isolates of<jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>, including 84 Paris isolates, sampled from 25 clinical investigations in France between 2001 and 2007, were obtained from the<jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>National Reference Center. All strains were typed by monoclonal antibody subgrouping, sequence-based typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and restriction fragment length polymorphism based on the presence or absence of IS elements. We identified six different types of IS elements in<jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>Paris and used them as genomic markers in hybridization experiments. One IS type, IS<jats:italic>Lpn11<\/jats:italic>, revealed a high discriminatory power. Simpson's index of discrimination, calculated from the distribution of IS elements, was higher than that obtained with the other typing methods used for<jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>Paris. Moreover, specific IS<jats:italic>Lpn11<\/jats:italic>copies were found only in strains isolated from particular cities. In more than half of the cases, each clinical isolate had an IS<jats:italic>Lpn11<\/jats:italic>profile that was recovered in at least one environmental isolate from the same geographical location, suggesting that our method could identify the infection source. Phylogenetic analysis suggests a clonal expansion for the<jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>Paris strain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01261-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,28]],"date-time":"2010-10-28T02:25:13Z","timestamp":1288232713000},"page":"315-324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Insertion Sequences as Highly Resolutive Genomic Markers for Sequence Type 1<i>Legionella pneumophila<\/i>Paris"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Mike","family":"Vergnes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathoge\u0301nie des Microorganismes, Universite\u0301 Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble cedex 9, France"},{"name":"CNRS UMR5163, F-38042 Grenoble cedex 9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Ginevra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de Re\u0301fe\u0301rence des Le\u0301gionelles, Universite\u0301 Lyon 1, Lyon, France"},{"name":"INSERM U851, IFR128, Faculte\u0301 de Me\u0301decine Lyon Est, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, F-69372 Lyon cedex 08, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Kay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathoge\u0301nie des Microorganismes, Universite\u0301 Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble cedex 9, France"},{"name":"CNRS UMR5163, F-38042 Grenoble cedex 9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Normand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, Universite\u0301 Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5557, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Thioulouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, Universite\u0301 de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biome\u0301trie et Biologie Evolutive, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Jarraud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de Re\u0301fe\u0301rence des Le\u0301gionelles, Universite\u0301 Lyon 1, Lyon, France"},{"name":"INSERM U851, IFR128, Faculte\u0301 de Me\u0301decine Lyon Est, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, F-69372 Lyon cedex 08, France"},{"name":"Hospices Civils de Lyon, Laboratoire de Bacte\u0301riologie, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, 59 Boulevard Pinel, Bron, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Maurin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathoge\u0301nie des Microorganismes, Universite\u0301 Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble cedex 9, France"},{"name":"CNRS UMR5163, F-38042 Grenoble cedex 9, France"},{"name":"CHU Grenoble, Universite\u0301 Joseph Fourier, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathoge\u0301nie des Microorganismes, Universite\u0301 Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, BP 170, F-38042 Grenoble cedex 9, France"},{"name":"CNRS UMR5163, F-38042 Grenoble cedex 9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amemura-Maekawa J. 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