{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:17:13Z","timestamp":1792455433309,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n            spp. are tick-borne parasites with a global distribution and diversity of vertebrate hosts. Over the next several decades, climate change is expected to impact humans, vectors, and vertebrate hosts and change the epidemiology of\n            <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n            . Although humans are dead-end hosts for tick-transmitted\n            <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n            , human-to-human transmission of\n            <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n            spp. from transfusion of red blood cells and whole blood-derived platelet concentrates has been reported. In most patients, transfusion-transmitted\n            <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n            (TTB) results in a moderate-to-severe illness. Currently, in North America, most cases of TTB have been described in the United States. TTB cases outside North America are rare, but case numbers may change over time with increased recognition of babesiosis and as the epidemiology of\n            <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n            is impacted by climate change. Therefore, TTB is a concern of microbiologists working in blood operator settings, as well as in clinical settings where transfusion occurs. Microbiologists play an important role in deploying blood donor screening assays in\n            <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n            endemic regions, identifying changing risks for\n            <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n            in non-endemic areas, investigating recipients of blood products for TTB, and drafting TTB policies and guidelines. In this review, we provide an overview of the clinical presentation and epidemiology of TTB. We identify approaches and technologies to reduce the risk of collecting blood products from\n            <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n            -infected donors and describe how investigations of TTB are undertaken. We also describe how microbiologists in\n            <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n            non-endemic regions can assess for changing risks of TTB and decide when to focus on laboratory-test-based approaches or pathogen reduction to reduce TTB risk.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01268-22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T13:06:47Z","timestamp":1695733607000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Transfusion-transmitted\n            <i>Babesia<\/i>\n            spp.: a changing landscape of epidemiology, regulation, and risk mitigation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2519-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven J.","family":"Drews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Donation Policy and Studies, Canadian Blood Services , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne M.","family":"Kjemtrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section , Sacramento, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health and Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grayson","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health and Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Leiby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University , Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Lewin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, Surveillance and Biological Risk Assessment, Medical Affairs and Innovation, H\u00e9ma-Qu\u00e9bec , Montr\u00e9al, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement d'Obst\u00e9trique et de Gyn\u00e9cologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine et des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5332-2789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheila F.","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Surveillance, Canadian Blood Services, Donation Policy and Studies , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Renaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Montr\u00e9al, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Tonnetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Red Cross, Scientific Affairs, Holland Laboratories for the Biomedical Sciences , Rockville, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8181-9517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan M.","family":"Bloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"479","article-title":"Theobald Smith--the discoverer of ticks as vectors of disease","volume":"114","author":"Assadian O","year":"2002","unstructured":"Assadian O , Stanek G . 2002. 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