{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T21:49:34Z","timestamp":1774907374432,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]],"date-time":"2015-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are among the drugs of choice for treatment of\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n            infections. However, fluoroquinolone resistance is increasing in\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n            due to chromosomal mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of the topoisomerase genes\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>parE<\/jats:italic>\n            and\/or plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) mechanisms including\n            <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic>\n            variants,\n            <jats:italic>aac<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>6<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2032)-\n            <jats:italic>Ib-cr<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>qepA<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>oqxAB<\/jats:italic>\n            . Some of these mutations cause only subtle increases in the MIC, i.e., MICs ranging from 0.12 to 0.25 mg\/liter for ciprofloxacin (just above the wild-type MIC of \u22640.06 mg\/liter). These isolates are difficult to detect with standard ciprofloxacin disk diffusion, and plasmid-mediated resistance, such as\n            <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic>\n            , is often not detected by the nalidixic acid screen test. We evaluated 16 quinolone\/fluoroquinolone disks for their ability to detect low-level-resistant\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates that are not serotype Typhi. A total of 153\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates characterized for the presence (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 104) or absence (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 49) of\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            and\/or\n            <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n            topoisomerase mutations,\n            <jats:italic>qnrA<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>qnrB<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>qnrD<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>qnrS<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>aac<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>6<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2032)-\n            <jats:italic>Ib-cr<\/jats:italic>\n            , or\n            <jats:italic>qepA<\/jats:italic>\n            genes were investigated. All isolates were MIC tested by broth microdilution against ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and ofloxacin and by disk diffusion using EUCAST or CLSI methodology. MIC determination correctly categorized all isolates as either wild-type isolates (MIC of \u22640.06 mg\/liter and absence of resistance genes) or non-wild-type isolates (MIC of &gt;0.06 mg\/liter and presence of a resistance gene). Disk diffusion using these antibiotics and nalidixic acid failed to detect some low-level-resistant isolates, whereas the 5-\u03bcg pefloxacin disk correctly identified all resistant isolates. However, pefloxacin will not detect isolates having\n            <jats:italic>aac<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>6<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2032)-\n            <jats:italic>Ib-cr<\/jats:italic>\n            as the only resistance determinant. The pefloxacin disk assay was approved and implemented by EUCAST (in 2014) and CLSI (in 2015).\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01287-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,2]],"date-time":"2015-09-02T22:33:11Z","timestamp":1441233191000},"page":"3411-3417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Development of a Pefloxacin Disk Diffusion Method for Detection of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Salmonella enterica"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Skov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Matuschek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EUCAST Development Laboratory (EDL), V\u00e4xj\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Sj\u00f6lund-Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"\u00c5hman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EUCAST Development Laboratory (EDL), V\u00e4xj\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Stegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mia","family":"Torpdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunnar","family":"Kahlmeter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EUCAST Development Laboratory (EDL), V\u00e4xj\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/650733"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/375602"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01288-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00222-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.5.740"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817817","volume-title":"Quinolone antimicrobial agents","author":"Hooper DC","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hooper DC. 2003. 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