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Unlike the hospital-associated\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            RT027 lineage, the community-associated\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            RT078 lineage is isolated from both humans and farm animals; however, the geographical population structure and transmission networks remain unknown. Here, we applied whole-genome phylogenetic analysis of 248\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            RT078 strains from 22 countries. Our results demonstrate limited geographical clustering for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            RT078 and extensive coclustering of human and animal strains, thereby revealing a highly linked intercontinental transmission network between humans and animals. Comparative whole-genome analysis reveals indistinguishable accessory genomes between human and animal strains and a variety of antimicrobial resistance genes in the pangenome of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            RT078. Thus, bidirectional spread of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            RT078 between farm animals and humans may represent an unappreciated route disseminating antimicrobial resistance genes between humans and animals. These results highlight the importance of the \u201cOne Health\u201d concept to monitor infectious disease emergence and the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01384-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,13]],"date-time":"2017-12-13T16:40:31Z","timestamp":1513183231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Zoonotic Transfer of Clostridium difficile Harboring Antimicrobial Resistance between Farm Animals and Humans"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"C. W.","family":"Knetsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. C.","family":"Forster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. R.","family":"Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. P.","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Harmanus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I. M.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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G.","family":"Songer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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