{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T13:35:19Z","timestamp":1779370519663,"version":"3.53.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The optimal methods for the diagnosis of pharyngeal\n            <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            infection are uncertain. The objective of this study was to define the performance of culture and nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for the diagnosis of pharyngeal\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            . In this cross-sectional study, males and females &gt;15 years old who acknowledged performing fellatio or cunnilingus (in the previous 2 months) were recruited from three clinics (two human immunodeficiency virus clinics and one sexually transmitted diseases clinic) located in Birmingham, AL. The test performance of culture for\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            , the Gen-Probe Aptima Combo 2 transcription-mediated amplification assay (TMA), the BD ProbeTec ET amplified DNA strand displacement assay (SDA), and the Roche Cobas Amplicor PCR was defined by using a rotating \u201cgold standard\u201d of any positive results by two or three of the three tests that excluded the test being evaluated. A total of 961 evaluable test sets were collected. On the basis of a rotating gold standard of positive results by two of three comparator tests, the sensitivity and the specificity were as follows: culture for\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            , 50.0% and 99.4%, respectively; PCR, 80.3% and 73.0%, respectively; TMA, 83.6% and 98.6%, respectively; and SDA, 93.2% and 96.3%, respectively. On the basis of a rotating gold standard of positive results by three of three comparator tests, the sensitivity and specificity were as follows: culture for\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            , 65.4% and 99.0%, respectively; PCR, 91.9% and 71.8%, respectively; TMA, 100% and 96.2%, respectively; and SDA, 97.1% and 94.2%, respectively. In conclusion, currently available NAATs are more sensitive than culture for the detection of pharyngeal gonorrhea in at-risk patients. PCR is substantially less specific than culture, TMA, or SDA and should not be used for the detection of pharyngeal gonorrhea.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01581-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,5]],"date-time":"2009-02-05T02:37:46Z","timestamp":1233801466000},"page":"902-907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests for Diagnosis of\n            <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n            Oropharyngeal Infections"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Laura H.","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Birmingham, Alabama"},{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama"},{"name":"Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauri E.","family":"Markowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Papp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Edward W.","family":"Hook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Birmingham, Alabama"},{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama"},{"name":"Jefferson County Department of Health, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"438","volume":"117","year":"1977","unstructured":"Austin, T. 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D., A. Chandra, and J. Jones. 2005. Sexual behavior and selected health measures: men and women 15-44 years of age, United States, 2002. Adv. Data15:1-55.","journal-title":"Adv. Data"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01541351"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/338236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"10","year":"2000","unstructured":"Peterson, K. S. 2000. Younger kids trying it now, often ignorant of disease, p. 10. USA Today November 16.","journal-title":"Younger kids trying it now, often ignorant of disease"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2648199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"Reference deleted."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31817bdd7e"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.9.3092-3098.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197301252880404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"1","volume":"55","year":"2006","unstructured":"Workowski, K. A., and S. M. Berman. 2006. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006. MMWR Recomm. Rep.55(RR-11):1-94.","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm. 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