{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:13:24Z","timestamp":1791346404746,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Clostridium difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            is a colonizer of the human gut, and toxin-producing strains may cause diarrhea if the infectious burden is heavy. Infants are more frequently colonized than adults, but they rarely develop\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            disease. It is not known whether strains of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            differ in the capacity to colonize and persist in the human gut microbiota. Here, we strain typed isolates of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            that had colonized 42 healthy infants followed from birth to \u226512 months of age by using PCR ribotyping of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region. The isolates were also characterized regarding carriage of the toxin genes\n            <jats:italic>tcdA<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>tcdB<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>cdtA\/B<\/jats:italic>\n            and the capacity to produce toxin B\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            . Most strains (71%) were toxin producers, and 51% belonged to the 001 or 014 ribotypes, which often cause disease in adults. These ribotypes were significantly more likely than others to persist for \u22656 months in the infant micobiota, and they were isolated from 13\/15 children carrying such long-term-colonizing strains. Ribotype 001 strains were often acquired in the first week of life and attained higher population counts than other\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            ribotypes in newborn infants' feces. Several toxin-negative ribotypes were identified, two of which (GI and GIII) were long-term colonizers, each found in one infant. Our results suggest that the toxin-producing\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            ribotypes 001 and 014 have special fitness in the infantile gut microbiota. Toxin-producing strains colonizing young children for long time periods may represent a reservoir for strains causing disease in adults.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01701-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,31]],"date-time":"2013-10-31T03:25:57Z","timestamp":1383189957000},"page":"173-179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Toxin-Producing Clostridium difficile Strains as Long-Term Gut Colonizers in Healthy Infants"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Ingegerd","family":"Adlerberth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haihui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institut, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Lindberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"\u00c5berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bill","family":"Hesselmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Saalman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl Erik","family":"Nord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institut, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes E.","family":"Wold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrej","family":"Weintraub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institut, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090110-102824"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.2.461-463.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61266-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.046243-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67420-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/151.3.476"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-50-8-720"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1981.tb00036.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01956743"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365548.1981.11690365"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"43","article-title":"Colonization by Clostridium difficile of neonates in a hospital, and infants and children in three day-care facilities of Kanazawa, Japan","volume":"8","author":"Matsuki S","year":"2005","unstructured":"MatsukiSOzakiEShozuMInoueMShimizuSYamaguchiNKarasawaTYamagishiTNakamuraS. 2005. Colonization by Clostridium difficile of neonates in a hospital, and infants and children in three day-care facilities of Kanazawa, Japan. Int. Microbiol. 8:43\u201348.","journal-title":"Int. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b0013e181d29767"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.2.349"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.70.1.91"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01964052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/01.pdr.0000191137.12774.b2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.01060.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.03176.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.9.2.214-219.1979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01280-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.8.2178-2182.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02405-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2012.02950.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03651.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-48"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00016-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.8.2016-2021.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000069843.206550.EE"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026880100512X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir388"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis637"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182352e2c"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.obo13e31817eef13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/527568"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jac\/dkn163"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.01701-13","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/JCM.01701-13","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T11:50:02Z","timestamp":1646481002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/JCM.01701-13"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"P. H.","family":"Gilligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/JCM.01701-13"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.01701-13","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-1137","1098-660X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-1137","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-660X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-07-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-10-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-12-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}