{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T13:45:00Z","timestamp":1774791900270,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]],"date-time":"2008-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1209600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>causes peptic ulceration and gastric adenocarcinoma; the latter is common in Iran but not in Iraq. We hypothesized that more virulent<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>strains may be found in Iran than in Iraq and so compared established and newly described virulence factors in strains from these countries. We studied 59 unselected dyspeptic patients from Iran and 49 from Iraq.<jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic>was found in similar proportions of strains from both countries (76% in Iran versus 71% in Iraq) and was significantly associated with peptic ulcer disease in Iraq (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2264 0.01) but not in Iran.<jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic>alleles encoding four or more tyrosine phosphorylation motifs were found in 12% of the Iranian strains but none of the Iraqi strains (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.02). There were no significant differences in the<jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic>signal-, middle-, or intermediate-region types between Iranian and Iraqi strains. Among the strains from Iran,<jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic>genotypes showed no specific peptic ulcer associations, but among the strains from Iraq,<jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic>i1 strains were associated with gastric ulcer (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2264 0.02), mimicking their previously demonstrated association with gastric cancer in Iran.<jats:italic>dupA<\/jats:italic>was found in similar proportions of Iranian and Iraqi strains (38% and 32%, respectively) and was associated with peptic ulceration in Iraqi patients (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2264 0.01) but not Iranian patients.<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>strains from Iraq and Iran possess virulence factors similar to those in Western countries. The presence of<jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic>with more phosphorylation motifs in Iranian strains may contribute to the higher incidence of gastric cancer. However, the association between strain virulence markers and disease in Iraq but not Iran suggests that other host and environmental factors may be more important in the disease-prone Iranian population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01737-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,20]],"date-time":"2008-03-20T01:09:57Z","timestamp":1205975397000},"page":"1774-1779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Differences in Virulence Markers between<i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>Strains from Iraq and Those from Iran: Potential Importance of Regional Differences in<i>H. pylori<\/i>-Associated Disease"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Nawfal R.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and Wolfson Digestive Diseases Centre, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Azadi Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine University of Dohuk, Dohuk, Kurdistan, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marjan","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave., Tehran 13164, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeganeh","family":"Talebkhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave., Tehran 13164, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Doraghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave., Tehran 13164, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darren P.","family":"Letley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and Wolfson Digestive Diseases Centre, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Merdan K.","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azadi Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine University of Dohuk, Dohuk, Kurdistan, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard H.","family":"Argent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and Wolfson Digestive Diseases Centre, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Atherton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and Wolfson Digestive Diseases Centre, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.00770.x","volume":"28","year":"1998","unstructured":"Akopyants, N. 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