{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T02:40:56Z","timestamp":1778035256820,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]],"date-time":"2009-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Clin Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            During a large mumps virus (MuV) outbreak which occurred in the Palestinian refugee camps of the West Bank, 68.1% (2,636\/3,871) of the cases were vaccinated with one dose of trivalent measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Attack rates by camp ranged from less than 1 case per 1,000 people in the population to 43\/1,000 (overall, 11\/1,000). The outbreak lasted from December 2003 to June 2005, with two peaks, one from April to May 2004 and the other from March to April 2005. To control the outbreak, a mass MMR vaccination campaign was conducted in May 2005. Evaluation of the immune status of cases (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 59) and healthy controls (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 51) revealed high levels of mumps immunoglobulin G (IgG) and a low MuV-specific IgM in clinical cases indicative of a booster immune response. This suggested a secondary rather than a primary infection due to the insufficient protection conferred by the single vaccine dose included in the vaccination program. This prediction was further confirmed by the low seroprevalence (68.6%) found in the healthy control group, which was below the threshold level required for MuV herd immunity. Mumps diagnosis was established mainly by reverse transcription-PCR in clinical samples obtained within 48 h from the onset of disease. Of the parotid fluids and nasopharyngeal aspirates analyzed, 92% were positive for MuV RNA, while only 33% of the urine samples were positive. Phylogenetic analysis of the MuV SH gene identified the outbreak strain as the H genotype, which has been in circulation worldwide at least since 1989.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01756-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,15]],"date-time":"2009-01-15T03:42:00Z","timestamp":1231990920000},"page":"560-565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Characterization of Large Mumps Outbreak among Vaccinated Palestinian Refugees"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Musa Y.","family":"Hindiyeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yair","family":"Aboudy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Wohoush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNRWA, Health Department West Bank Field Office UNRWA, West Bank"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lester M.","family":"Shulman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Ram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tal","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamar","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Riccardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNRWA, Health Department HQ Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Khalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNRWA, Health Department West Bank Field Office UNRWA, West Bank"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elias-Shlash","family":"Sawalha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNRWA, Health Department West Bank Field Office UNRWA, West Bank"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maysoun","family":"Obeidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNRWA, Health Department West Bank Field Office UNRWA, West Bank"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Sabatinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNRWA, Health Department HQ Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zehava","family":"Grossman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ella","family":"Mendelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199708)52:4<349::AID-JMV1>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2005.01.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002217240006160X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2008.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.06.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.1.77"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"366","volume":"55","year":"2006","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2006. 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